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A&P1 > Week 5: Tissues > Flashcards

Week 5: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Study of the structure of animal tissue on a microscopic level. Also looks at how tissues are arranged into organs.

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2
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar cells that perform the same specific function; Example: muscle, cardiac, or nerves

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3
Q

Tissue Types

A
  1. Epithelial: covers body surfaces and organs, lines body cavities
  2. Connective: bind and supports body parts
  3. Muscular: contracts producing movement
  4. Nervous Tissue: responds to stimuli and transmits nerve impulses
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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue Structure

A
  • Tightly packed cells
  • Readily divides (mitosis) producing new cells to replace old or damaged cells
  • Lack Blood Vessels
  • Exists on the skin and on the surface of organs, blood vessels, and body cavities
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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue General Location, Structure, Function (Externally/ Internally)

A
  • Externally: protects body from drying out, injury, and bacterial invasion
  • Internally: protects, sweeps up impurities, secretes mucus, absorbs

Covers surfaces and lines cavities:

  • has free surface
  • other surface attached to the underlying tissue by the basement membrane
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6
Q

Simple vs Stratified Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Simple Epithelial Tissue: composed of a single layer of cells
    - Stratified Epithelial Tissue- composed of 2 or more layers of cell
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7
Q

Types of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Squamous - simple and stratified
  2. Cuboidal Epithelial - simple and stratified
  3. Columnar Epithelial- simple and stratified (rare, found in pharanyx, laryanx, and anal canal)
  4. Psuedostratified Epithelial
  5. Transitional Epithelial
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8
Q

Squamous Epithelium

A
  1. simple: single layer of squamous

2. stratified: multiple layer of squamous

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9
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A
  • Single layer of flattened cells
  • Function: secretion, absorbtion, and filtration
  • Location: lines the lungs, blood vessels, and heart
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10
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A
  • Many layers of flattened cells
  • Function: protection
  • Location: outer layer of skin, lining various orfices of the body
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11
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  1. Simple: single layer of cube shaped cells attached to a basement membrane
  2. Stratified: two or more layers of cube shaped cells
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12
Q

Cuboidal Epithelium Location & Function

A

Glands: secretion

Kidney Tubules: secretion and absorbtion

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13
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Composed of cells that are longer than wider

-Nucleus found in the lower half of the cell

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14
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium Location & Function

A

Digestive Organ: absorbtion

Uterine Tubes: propel egg to uterus

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15
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium: Location,Appearance, & Function

A

Cells appear to be layered due to irregulary placed nuceli but each cell touches the basement membrane

  • May contain cilia- aids in the movement of particles
  • Function: protection, secretion, movement of mucus, and sex cells
  • Location: respiratory tract, reproductive tracts
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16
Q

Transitional Epithelium: Location & Function

A

Tissue that changes in response to tension
Found in organs that need to stretch
Location: urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

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17
Q

Connective Tissue Structure,Function, & Location

A

Structure:

  • widely separated by ECM (can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid)
  • Matrix of connective tissue determines its properties

Location:

  • Tendons & ligaments
  • Cartilage & Bone
  • Blood

Function:

  • Binds Structures together
  • Provides Support & Protection
  • Fills Spaces
  • Produces Blood cells
  • Stores Fat: for energy, insulation, organ protection
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18
Q

Matrix Fibers

A
  1. White Fibers (collagenous fiber): contain collagen which gives the fibers flexibility and strength. Examples; Tendons, Ligaments, and Dermis of Skin are mainly made up of this.
  2. Yellow Fibers (elastic fiber): contain elastin -more elastic than collagen but not as strong. Very spring like (will recoil after stretched. Found in skins, lungs, and arteries helping them spring back after stretched.
  3. Reticular Fibers: thin, highly branched/ spongelike collagenous fibers that provide support. Found in organs such as the spleen & lymph nodes; found in basement membrane in underlying epithelial
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19
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue Types

A

Most diverse Type

  1. Loose (areolar) connective tissue
    - Adipose
  2. Dense Connective Tissue
    - Regular
    - Irregular
  3. Reticular Connective Tissue
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20
Q

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue: Location, Attributes, Function

A

Location:

  • Exists in tissue sections throughout the body
  • Lies between other tissues or between organs binding them
  • Surrounds blood vessles and nerves, esophogus & trachea; fascia btw. muscles; mesentries; visceral layers of pericardium and pleura

Attribute:

  • Cells made of fibroblasts- large, star-shaped cells
  • Contains many white fibers (strong and flexible) and yellow fibers (very elastic)

Function:

  • loosely binds epithelial to deeper tissue
  • allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues
  • provides an arena for immune defense
  • blood vessels provide nutrients and waste for removal for overlying epithelial
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21
Q

Adipose Tissue: Location, Appearance, and Function

A
  • Type of loose connective tissue
  • Function: stores fat- provides insulation
  • Location: found beneath skin, around kidney & heart, breast
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22
Q

Dense Connective Tissue: Types, Location, Atrributes, and Function

A
  1. Regular
    - consists of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers–> structure allows for predictable stress ie.musculoskeletal stresses pulling tendons and ligaments in predictable directions.
    - found in tendons and ligaments
    - binds organs together
  2. Irregular
    - bundles run in different directions–> structure allows for response to unpredictable stress
    - found in inner portion of skin, protective capsule around the kidneys, testes, and spleen; as well as around bones, nerves, and most cartliages.
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23
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue: Location, Attributes, and Function

A

Location:

  • Also called lymphatic Tissue
  • Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and red bone marrow

Atrributes:

  • Has Reticular Fibers
  • Spongelike in appearance

Function:

  • Store and produce white blood cells
  • Part of immune system
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24
Q

Cartliage: Structure, Location, & Function

A

Structure:

  • Relatively stiff connective tissue with flexible rubbery matrix
  • Produced by chondroblasts
  • The cell (chondrocytes) lies in small chambers called lacunae
  • Lacks direct blood supply, as a result, it heals slowly)

Location: ears, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe)

Function:elastic support, flexibility; eases joint movement, holds airway during respiration, moves vocal cords during speech; resists compression and avoids shock, etc

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25
Q

Cartliage Types

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic Cartliage
  3. Fibrocartliage
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26
Q

Hyaline Cartliage

A

Structure:

  • Most Common
  • Matrix contains fine collagenous fibers (glassy, white, opaque)
  • Found in nose, ends of the long bones and ribs, rings in the trachea

Location: ends of moveable joints; trachea/ bronchi; larynx; costal cartliage

Function: eases joint movements, holds airway open during respiration, moves vocal cords during speech

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27
Q

Elastic Cartliage

A

Structure:
-Contains elastic and collagenous fibers

Location:
-Found in the outer ear

Function:
-provides flexible, elastic support

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28
Q

Fibrocartliage

A

Structure:
-Matrix contains strong collagenous fibers

Location:
-Found in the pads between the vertabrae and knee joints

-Function: absorbs shocks and reduces friction between joints

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29
Q

Bones

A
  • most rigid of the connective tissues

- minerals and protein fibers give bone rigidity, elasticity and strength

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30
Q

Bone Types

A
  1. Compact Bone

2. Spongy Bone

31
Q

Compact Bone: Location, Structure, and Function

A

Location:
Found in the outer portion of long bones

Structure:
-Consists of many cylindrical-shaped units called osteon (cell)

Function:
-Provides structure/ strength of bone

32
Q

Osteon

A

Cylindrical shaped units found within compact bone

33
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  • Found on ends of long Bone
  • Contains bony bars and plates called trabeculae separated by irregular spaces
  • Blood cells are made within the red marrow found in the spongy bone
34
Q

Trabeculae

A

Bony bars and plates found within the spongy bone

35
Q

Blood: Structure, Cell Types, and Function

A
  • Connective Tissue composed of cells suspend in liquid matrix called plasma
  • Red Blood Cells (erthryocytes)- carries oxygen
  • White Blood Cells (leukocytes)- fights infection
  • Platelets- fragment of giant cells found in bone marrow
36
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

erthryocytes- carries oxygen

37
Q

White Blood Cells

A

leukocytes- fights infection

38
Q

Platelets

A

Structure:
fragment of giant cells found/ made in bone marrow

Function:
Aid in blood clotting to stop/prevent bleeding

39
Q

How types of tissues differ

A

They differ in the types and function of their cells, the characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material) that surround the cells, and the relative amount of space occupied by the cells and the matrix.

Example: in muscle and epithelium, the cells are so close together that the matrix is scarcely visible but in connective tissues, the matrix occupies much more space than the cells do.

40
Q

Nervous Tissue: Function & Location

A

Structure/ Function:

  • Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells
  • Cells: Neurons and Glial

Location:

  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
  • Nerves
41
Q

Muscular Tissue: Function/ Structure & Location

A

Structure:
-Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction.

Location:

  • Skeletal Muscles
  • Heart (cardiac)
  • Walls of viscera (smooth muscle)

Function:
-body movement, digestion, breathing, speech, blood circulation, etc.

42
Q

Matrix Composition/ Material:

A
  1. Ground Substance
  2. Tissue Fluid
  3. ECF
  4. Interstitial Fluid
43
Q

Mesenchyme

A

A gelatinous tissue composed of fine, wipsy collagen that forms into cardiac muscle, bone, and blood, among other tissue.

Formed from mesoderm (layer between ectoderm and endoderm) during early human development.

44
Q

Histological Sections

A

Microscope method to study tissues- way to imagine 3D images based off 2D preparations

Histological Stains are used to study and enhance details different parts of the anatomy. These stains bind to different components of each part.

45
Q

Epithelial Tissue Function: Part 2

A
  1. Protection- prevents bacterial invasion and injury. Outer layer ie. epidermis is a barrier to infection while inner layer ie. stomach protects deeper tisssue from stomach acid and enzymes.
  2. Secretion-produces mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones ie. glands are composed of a ton of epithelial.
  3. Excretion-void waste from the tissues, such as CO2 from the pulmonary epithelial and bile from the liver.
  4. Absorbtion- absorbs chemicals from the adjacent medium, ie: nutrients in the small intestine.
  5. Filtration-All substances leaving the blood are selectively filtered through the epithelium that lines the blood vessels; all urinary wastes is filtered through epithelial of the kidneys.
  6. Sensation- provided with nerve endings that sense stimulation ranging from touch on skin to irritation of the stomach.
46
Q

Avascular

A

Without blood vessles; Example: epithelial are avascular bc there is no room for them between the cells. Epithelial usually lie on vessel rich layer of connective tissue which furnish them with nutrients and waste removal.

47
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Exists between epithelial and connective tissue. Controls the exchange of materials between the two.

48
Q

Basal Surface

A

Faces the basement membrane

49
Q

Apical Surface

A

Faces the free surface/ area of the lumen

50
Q

Lateral Surface

A

Between the Basal and Apical

51
Q

Exfoliation

A

Loss/ migration/ death of daughter cells from squamous epithelium. Become flatter (more scaly), die, and flake off.

52
Q

Keratinoctyes

A
  • Also called cornified cells

- Dead compressed cells that exist on the apical surface of squamous stratified epithelial.

53
Q

Urothelium

A

Specialized type of epithelial cell that somewhat resembles a stratified squaemous but is more round in shape.

Location: Urinary Tract - part of kidney, ureter, bladder, part of urethra

Function:Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract; protects underlying tissues from osmotic damage by urine.

54
Q

Connective Tissue Functions

A
  1. Binding of organs: tendons bind muscle to bone; ligaments bind bone to bone;fat holds the kidneys and eyes in place; fibrous tissue binds the skin to the underlying muscle.
  2. Support: Bones support the body, cartliage supports the ears, nose, larynx, and trachea; fibrous tissues form the framework of organs such as the spleen.
  3. Physical Protection: the cranium, ribs, and sternum protect delicate organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart; fatty cushions protect the kidneys and eyes.
  4. Immune Protection: connective tissue cells attach foreign invaders, and connective tissue fiber forms a battlefield under the skin and mucus membrane where immune cells can be quickly removed against disease agents.
  5. Movement: Bones provide the lever system for movement; cartliage are involved in movement in the vocal cord; and cartliage on bone surfaces ease joint movement
  6. Storage: fat is the body’s major energy reserve; bone is a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus that can be drawn upon when needed.
  7. Heat Production:metabolism of brown fat generates heat in infants and children.
  8. Transport: blood transports gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and blood cells.
55
Q

Connective Tissue Types (Broad Categories)

A
  1. Fibrous Tissue
  2. Areolar Tissue ; ex: Adipose
  3. Supportive Connective Tissue (Bone & Cartliage)
  4. Fluid Connective Tissue (Blood)
56
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue: Components

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Macrophages
  3. Leukocytes (or WBC)
  4. Plasma Cells
  5. Mast Cells
  6. Adipocytes
57
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat Cells; when they cluster together they form adipose

58
Q

Ground Susbtance

A

featurless empty space between the cells but typically protects delicate cells from mechanical injury

59
Q

Areolar & Epithelium

A

-Most epithelium rests on areolar tissue, whose blood vessels provide the epithelium with nutrition, waste removal, and a ready supply of infection fighting leukocytes in times of need.

60
Q

Adipose Tissue:

A

Location:
-Subcutenaous fat beneath skin; breast; heart surface; mesenteries; surrounding organs such as kidneys and eyes

Structure:
-Dominated by adipocytes

Function:

  • energy storage
  • thermal insulation: heat production by brown fat
  • protective cushion for some organs
  • filling spaces
  • shaping body
61
Q

How to tell between dense irregular tissue and arerolor tissue ?

A

Areolar typically has a larger amount of clear space AND dense irregular has thicker bundles of collagen and relatively little clear space.

62
Q

Yellow vs White Fat

A

White Fat:

  • more abundant
  • provides thermal insulation, anchors and cushions such organs such as the eyeballs and kidney, and contributes to body contours such as female breast and hips

Brown Fat:

  • mainly found in fetuses, infants, and children
  • located in shoulders, upper back, and around kidneys
  • gets color from blood vessles
  • Heat Generating but energy doesnt come from ATP–> energy is given off as heat
  • Hibernating Animals produce a ton of brown fat
63
Q

Adipose vs Areolar

A

Areolar is loose connective tissue where as Areolar is a specific type of loose connective tissue.

64
Q

Inervated

A

Supplied with nerves

65
Q

Avascular

A

Not serviced by blood vessels

66
Q

Connective tissue derive from..

A

Mesenchume (a paticular type of embryonic tissue)

67
Q

Connective tissues are made up from

A
  1. Ground Substance
  2. Fibers
  3. Cells
68
Q

ECM is made up of

A
  1. Ground Substance

2. Fibers

69
Q

Ground Substance is made up of

A

Interstiual Fluid

70
Q

Types of connective tissue cells

A
  1. Immature (not fully formed as specialized cell)
    a. fibroblast-connective tissue proper
    b. chondroblast- cartliage
    c. osteoblast- bones
    d. hematopoietic stem cells- blood
  2. Mature (fully formed)
    a. fibrocyte
    b. chondrocyte
    c. osteocyte
    d. many more (adipocytes, kertinocytes)
71
Q

Cartliage vs Dense Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage can withstand tension AND compression

72
Q

Bone is made up of

A
  1. Collagen

2. Inorganic Calcium Salts- make it solid/ hard

73
Q

Bone vs Cartliage

A

Bone contains blood vessles

A&P1 (15 decks)

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