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A&P1 > Week 1: Anatomical Terms > Flashcards

Week 1: Anatomical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomic Variation

A

Not everyone is exactly the same ie: different races, hair color, eye color, sex, height, body type, etc

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2
Q

Directional Terms

A

Used to describe the “location” or “direction” of one organ compared to another ie: more scientific way of saying your heart is above your stomach, and in front o your lungs.

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3
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Standing straight up/ body erect, feet flat on the ground, arms at your side, and palms facing forward/ thumbs facing away from body. It is the position that the rest of the anatomical terms are derived.

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4
Q

Superior/ Inferior

A

Superior: above
Inferior: below

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5
Q

Anterior/ Posterior

A

Anterior (Ventral): in front

Posterior (Dorsal): towards your back

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6
Q

Proximal/ Distal

A

Proximal: closer to trunk or attachment point ie: elbow is proximal to shoulder

Distal: farther from the trunk or attachment point ie: the wrist is distal to the shoulder

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7
Q

Central/ Peripheral

A

Central: toward the brain or spinal cord ie: the spinal cord is central to the limbs

Peripheral: away from the brain or spinal cord (toward the limbs) ie: the arms are peripheral to the spinal cord

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8
Q

Superficial/ Deep

A

Superficial: close to the body surface (when looking inside towards the skin) ie: you can see superficial bruises because they’re on the surface

Deep: closer to the inside of the body (farther away from the surface of the body) ie: bones are deep to the muscle

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9
Q

Medial/ Lateral

A

Medial: torward the midline ie: your heart is medial to your lungs

Lateral: away from the middle (towards a side): your arms are lateral to your heart

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10
Q

Supine/ Prone

A

Supine: body laying facing up

Prone: Body laying facing down

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11
Q

Planes of body

A

Planes: imaginary flat surface passing through the body

Often used in directions for dissections or as a reference in figures

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12
Q

Saggital Plane

A

Saggital (median): divides left/ right

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13
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Frontal (coronal): divides anterior/ posterior

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14
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Transverse (horizontal): divides inferior/ superior; divides body horizontally

Example: Brain,

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15
Q

Mid-saggital Plane

A

Midsaggital or Medial: saggital plane that lies on the midline

Examples: Brain, Nose, or anything along the midline

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16
Q

Axial region

A

Along axis of body- torso or head

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17
Q

Axial: Cephalic

A

Head (anterior)

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18
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead (anterior)

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19
Q

Orbital

A

Eye (anterior)

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20
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek (anterior)

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21
Q

Mental

A

Chin (anterior)

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22
Q

Facial

A

on your face (anterior)

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23
Q

Occipital

A

Back of head (posterior)

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24
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

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25
Q

Nuchal

A

Back of Neck

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26
Q

Celiac

A

Abdomen (anterior)

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27
Q

Mammary

A

Breast (anterior)

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28
Q

Torso, also referred to as..

A

Thoracic

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29
Q

Sternal

A

Are in the center of chest; also know as sternum (anterior)

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30
Q

Pectoral

A

area around the breast (anterior)

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31
Q

Costal

A

Ribs (anterior)

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32
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin (anterior)

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33
Q

Genital

A

Reproductive Organs (anterior)

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34
Q

Coxal

A

Hip (anterior)

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35
Q

Dorsum

A

the back (posterior)

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36
Q

Vertebral

A

Area of your spine (on your back/ posterior)

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37
Q

Interscapular

A

Area between both your shoulder blades (on your back/ posterior)

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38
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back (posterior)

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39
Q

Sacral

A

Between hips (posterior)

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40
Q

Perineal

A

Between the anus and the pubic arch

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41
Q

Appendicular Region

A

Upper or Lower Limb

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42
Q

Acromial

A

Point of shoulder

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43
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

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44
Q

Antecubital

A

front of elbow

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45
Q

Cubital

A

elbow

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46
Q

Antebrachium

A

forearm

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47
Q

Palmer

A

Palm

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48
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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49
Q

Digital

A

Fingers

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50
Q

Gluteal

A

Buttocks

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51
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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52
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of knee

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53
Q

Pattelar

A

Knee

54
Q

Cural

A

Leg

55
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

56
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

57
Q

Body Cavities- locations?

A

Dorsal/Posterior & Ventral/Anterior

58
Q

Cranial/ Vertebral- location ?

A

Posterior

59
Q

Thoracic/ Abdominopelvic- Location ?

A

Anterior

60
Q

Diaphram Cavity

A

A muscle that separate the the thoracic & abdominopelvic

61
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Skull encloses the brain

62
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

Vertebrae encloses the spinal cord

63
Q

Thoracic Cavities

A
  1. Pleural: lungs (right/left)
  2. Pericardial: heart
  3. Mediastinum: thymus, vessels from heart
64
Q

Plerual Cavity

A

Encloses the lungs (Thoracic Cavity)

65
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Encloses the heart

66
Q

Mediastinum

A

A cavity that seperates the lungs/ heart and encloses the vessles from it, esophogus, trachea/ brochi, and thymus

67
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavities

A
  1. Abdominal Cavity: digestive organs, kidneys

2. Pelvic Cavity: bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

68
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Digestive organs, Kidneys

69
Q

Pelvic Cavity:

A

Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

70
Q

Levels of organization

A

Body is organized into levels from most simple to most complex

71
Q

Atoms

A

Most simple; compose all substances

72
Q

Molecules

A

Atoms joined together; example: amino acids

73
Q

Macromolecules

A

Molecules joined together; example: protein

74
Q

Organelles

A

Tiny structures found in cells that perform cellular structure; example: mitochondria

75
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of all living things; macromolecules found in all cells

76
Q

Tissues

A

composed of similar types of cells and performs similar function; Example: blood, muscle, fat

77
Q

Organs

A

Groups of tissues working together to perform a specific function; Example: heart, stomach

78
Q

Organ System

A

Groups of organs that perform function; Example: digestive system

79
Q

Organism

A

All body systems make up an organisms

80
Q

Organism Types

A

Unicellar- made up of one cell; example Amoeba

Multicelluar: made up of many cells; example: gorillas

81
Q

Homeostasis

A

Equilibrium

Relative constancy of the body’s internal environment; even when external conditions change, the bodys internal condition stays w/n narrow range. All systems of the body contribute to maintaining homeostasis. If body’s internal conditions changes greatly–> illness results

82
Q

Homeostasis: Two Types

A

Negative & Positive Feedback

83
Q

Negative Feedback

A

returns a variable back to a set point

84
Q

Positive Feedback

A

mechanism that brings about an ever greater change in the same direction

Examples: childbirth; oxytocin stimulates muscle contractions that push baby through birth canal

85
Q

of organ systems in body

A

11

86
Q

of organ system categories

A

4

87
Q

Organ system categories

A
  1. Support/ movement/ protection
  2. Integration/ Coordination
  3. Maintenance of body
  4. Reproductive & Development
88
Q

Integumentary System

A

Support/ Movement/ Protection

Organs: skin and accessory organs (hair & nails)
Function: protects tissue, regulate body temperature & contains sense organs

89
Q

Skeletal System

A

Support/ Movement/ Protection

Organs: bones, cartilage, & ligaments
Function: protects body parts, produce blood cells, stores calcium & phosphorus salts

90
Q

Nervous System

A

Integration/ Coordination

Organs: brain, spinal cord & nerves
Function: conducts nerve impulses from the sense organs to the brain and then to the muscles and gland

91
Q

Endocrine System

A

Integration/ Coordination

Organs: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes
Function: secretes chemicals that are messengers between body part, maintain proper functioning of reproductive system

92
Q

Circulatory System (Cardiovascular)

A

Maintenance of body

Organs: Heart, blood vessels, blood
Function: transports nutrients and oxygen to cells through blood, removes wastes

93
Q

Immune System (Lymphatic)

A

Maintenance of body

Organs: Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Function: protects body from disease

94
Q

Respiratory System

A

Maintenance of body

Organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
Function: bring oxygen into lungs and take carbon dioxide out of the lungs

95
Q

Digestive System

A

Maintenance of body

Organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, rectum
Function: receive food and digest into nutrient molecules

96
Q

Urinary System

A

Maintenance of body

Organs: kidneys and urinary bladder
Function: gets rid of nitrogenous wastes, helps regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood

97
Q

Reproductive System

A

Reproductive & Development

Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis Female: ovaries, Fallopian tubes, vagina, uterus
Function: produce sex cells, nourish and protect fetus (female)

98
Q

Muscular System

A

Support/ Movement/ Protection

Organs: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
Function: move voluntarily, respond to stimuli, produce body heat

99
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure

100
Q

Physiology

A

Function

101
Q

Axial Region Areas

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck (Cervical)
  3. Trunk
102
Q

Trunk Region Areas

A
  1. Thoracic

2. Abdominal-pelvic

103
Q

Appendicular Region Areas

A
  1. Upper Limb:
    a. brachial region- arm
    b. antebrachial region- forearm
    c. carpal- wrist
    d. hand
    e. digits- fingers
  2. Lower Limbs:
    a. femoral- thigh
    b. cural- leg
    c. tarsal- ankle
    d. foot
    e. digits- toes
104
Q

Segment of limb

A

Area between one joint and another, example: the arm is the segment between the shoulder and elbow OR the leg is the segment between the knee and ankle.

105
Q

Finger segments

A
  1. Thumb= 2 (proximal & distal)

2. Other fingers= 2 (proximal, middle, & distal)

106
Q

Viscera

A

Internal Organs

107
Q

Body Cavities consist of ..

A
  1. Viscera

2. Membranes

108
Q

Types of membranes

A
  1. Visceral= inner membrane against organ; example: membrane around the heart or lung
  2. parietal= outer membrane/ superficial membrane on surrounding structure; example: membrane on the inner part of the ribs
109
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Enclosed by the crainium (skull/ braincase) and contains the brain

110
Q

Vertebral Canal

A

Enclosed by the vertebral column (spine) and contains the spinal cord

111
Q

Meninges

A

Triple layered membrane that lines the cranial cavity & verterbral canal

112
Q

Meninges Function

A

Protect the delicate nervous tissue from the hard protective bone that encloses it

113
Q

Pericardium

A

Two layered membrane that encloses the heart;

Outer membrane= parietal layer; inner membrane= visceral layer; cavity in between= pericardial cavity

114
Q

Abdominal Cavity Organs

A

Digestive organs, spleen, kidney, uterters

115
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, reproductive organs

116
Q

Brim

A

Bony landmark inferior to the abdominal cavity and superior to the pelvic cavity

117
Q

Continuity of abdominal pelvic cavity

A

No wall seperates the two cavity; Continuity between the two cavities however the pelvis is more narrow and tilts posteriorly

118
Q

Peritonium

A

Two layered membrane within the pelvic cavity:

  1. Parietal Peritonium- outer layer that lines the cavity wall
  2. Visceral Peritonium- along the posterior midline that suspends certain abdominal viscera from the body wall
119
Q

Peritonial Cavity

A

Space between the parietal and visceral layers- lubricated with peritoneal fluid

120
Q

Retroperitonial Position

A

Organs that lie against the posterior wall of the peritonial cavity and are covered only by peritonium on the side facing the cavity;

Example: kidneys, uterers, adrenal glands, most of pancreas, and abdonomial portions of madjor blood vessles (aorta and inferior vena cava)

121
Q

Intraperitonial Position

A

Organs encircled by peritornium and connected to the posterior wall by pertonium sheets

122
Q

Mesentry

A

Visceral peritonium at points where it forms a translucent, membranous curtain suspending and anchoring the viscera

123
Q

Serosa

A

Visceral peritonium at points where it enfolds and covers the outer surfaces of organs such as the stomach and small intestine

124
Q

Potential Spaces

A

Under normal circumstances, membranes are pressed firmly togtether and there is no space between them. Membranes however are not firmly attached and under unusual circumstances, air or serous fluid can accumulate between and open up a space.

Example: Plerual Cavity or Lumen Cavity (Uterus) during pregnancy can open up during fetus growth & development

125
Q

Visceral Peritonium: two types

A
  1. Serosa

2. Mesentry

126
Q

Mesocolon

A

Posterior mesentry of the large intestine

127
Q

Mesentry: two types

A
  1. Anterior

2. Posterior

128
Q

Greater Omemntum

A

Hangs like an apron from the inferolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the intestine

129
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Extends from the supermedial margin of the stomach to the liver

130
Q

Body Cavity Functions

A
  1. Protection; example: protect internal organs from thumps & bumps from running
  2. Allows organs to change shape & size

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