Week 1: Anatomical Terms Flashcards
Anatomic Variation
Not everyone is exactly the same ie: different races, hair color, eye color, sex, height, body type, etc
Directional Terms
Used to describe the “location” or “direction” of one organ compared to another ie: more scientific way of saying your heart is above your stomach, and in front o your lungs.
Anatomical Position
Standing straight up/ body erect, feet flat on the ground, arms at your side, and palms facing forward/ thumbs facing away from body. It is the position that the rest of the anatomical terms are derived.
Superior/ Inferior
Superior: above
Inferior: below
Anterior/ Posterior
Anterior (Ventral): in front
Posterior (Dorsal): towards your back
Proximal/ Distal
Proximal: closer to trunk or attachment point ie: elbow is proximal to shoulder
Distal: farther from the trunk or attachment point ie: the wrist is distal to the shoulder
Central/ Peripheral
Central: toward the brain or spinal cord ie: the spinal cord is central to the limbs
Peripheral: away from the brain or spinal cord (toward the limbs) ie: the arms are peripheral to the spinal cord
Superficial/ Deep
Superficial: close to the body surface (when looking inside towards the skin) ie: you can see superficial bruises because they’re on the surface
Deep: closer to the inside of the body (farther away from the surface of the body) ie: bones are deep to the muscle
Medial/ Lateral
Medial: torward the midline ie: your heart is medial to your lungs
Lateral: away from the middle (towards a side): your arms are lateral to your heart
Supine/ Prone
Supine: body laying facing up
Prone: Body laying facing down
Planes of body
Planes: imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Often used in directions for dissections or as a reference in figures
Saggital Plane
Saggital (median): divides left/ right
Frontal Plane
Frontal (coronal): divides anterior/ posterior
Transverse Plane
Transverse (horizontal): divides inferior/ superior; divides body horizontally
Example: Brain,
Mid-saggital Plane
Midsaggital or Medial: saggital plane that lies on the midline
Examples: Brain, Nose, or anything along the midline
Axial region
Along axis of body- torso or head
Axial: Cephalic
Head (anterior)
Frontal
Forehead (anterior)
Orbital
Eye (anterior)
Buccal
Cheek (anterior)
Mental
Chin (anterior)
Facial
on your face (anterior)
Occipital
Back of head (posterior)
Cervical
Neck
Nuchal
Back of Neck
Celiac
Abdomen (anterior)
Mammary
Breast (anterior)
Torso, also referred to as..
Thoracic
Sternal
Are in the center of chest; also know as sternum (anterior)
Pectoral
area around the breast (anterior)
Costal
Ribs (anterior)
Inguinal
Groin (anterior)
Genital
Reproductive Organs (anterior)
Coxal
Hip (anterior)
Dorsum
the back (posterior)
Vertebral
Area of your spine (on your back/ posterior)
Interscapular
Area between both your shoulder blades (on your back/ posterior)
Lumbar
Lower back (posterior)
Sacral
Between hips (posterior)
Perineal
Between the anus and the pubic arch
Appendicular Region
Upper or Lower Limb
Acromial
Point of shoulder
Brachial
Arm
Antecubital
front of elbow
Cubital
elbow
Antebrachium
forearm
Palmer
Palm
Axillary
Armpit
Digital
Fingers
Gluteal
Buttocks
Femoral
Thigh
Popliteal
Back of knee
Pattelar
Knee
Cural
Leg
Plantar
Sole of foot
Pedal
Foot
Body Cavities- locations?
Dorsal/Posterior & Ventral/Anterior
Cranial/ Vertebral- location ?
Posterior
Thoracic/ Abdominopelvic- Location ?
Anterior
Diaphram Cavity
A muscle that separate the the thoracic & abdominopelvic
Cranial Cavity
Skull encloses the brain
Vertebral Cavity
Vertebrae encloses the spinal cord
Thoracic Cavities
- Pleural: lungs (right/left)
- Pericardial: heart
- Mediastinum: thymus, vessels from heart
Plerual Cavity
Encloses the lungs (Thoracic Cavity)
Pericardial Cavity
Encloses the heart
Mediastinum
A cavity that seperates the lungs/ heart and encloses the vessles from it, esophogus, trachea/ brochi, and thymus
Abdominopelvic Cavities
- Abdominal Cavity: digestive organs, kidneys
2. Pelvic Cavity: bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
Abdominal Cavity
Digestive organs, Kidneys
Pelvic Cavity:
Bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
Levels of organization
Body is organized into levels from most simple to most complex
Atoms
Most simple; compose all substances
Molecules
Atoms joined together; example: amino acids
Macromolecules
Molecules joined together; example: protein
Organelles
Tiny structures found in cells that perform cellular structure; example: mitochondria
Cells
Basic unit of all living things; macromolecules found in all cells
Tissues
composed of similar types of cells and performs similar function; Example: blood, muscle, fat
Organs
Groups of tissues working together to perform a specific function; Example: heart, stomach
Organ System
Groups of organs that perform function; Example: digestive system
Organism
All body systems make up an organisms
Organism Types
Unicellar- made up of one cell; example Amoeba
Multicelluar: made up of many cells; example: gorillas
Homeostasis
Equilibrium
Relative constancy of the body’s internal environment; even when external conditions change, the bodys internal condition stays w/n narrow range. All systems of the body contribute to maintaining homeostasis. If body’s internal conditions changes greatly–> illness results
Homeostasis: Two Types
Negative & Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
returns a variable back to a set point
Positive Feedback
mechanism that brings about an ever greater change in the same direction
Examples: childbirth; oxytocin stimulates muscle contractions that push baby through birth canal
of organ systems in body
11
of organ system categories
4
Organ system categories
- Support/ movement/ protection
- Integration/ Coordination
- Maintenance of body
- Reproductive & Development
Integumentary System
Support/ Movement/ Protection
Organs: skin and accessory organs (hair & nails)
Function: protects tissue, regulate body temperature & contains sense organs
Skeletal System
Support/ Movement/ Protection
Organs: bones, cartilage, & ligaments
Function: protects body parts, produce blood cells, stores calcium & phosphorus salts
Nervous System
Integration/ Coordination
Organs: brain, spinal cord & nerves
Function: conducts nerve impulses from the sense organs to the brain and then to the muscles and gland
Endocrine System
Integration/ Coordination
Organs: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes
Function: secretes chemicals that are messengers between body part, maintain proper functioning of reproductive system
Circulatory System (Cardiovascular)
Maintenance of body
Organs: Heart, blood vessels, blood
Function: transports nutrients and oxygen to cells through blood, removes wastes
Immune System (Lymphatic)
Maintenance of body
Organs: Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Function: protects body from disease
Respiratory System
Maintenance of body
Organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
Function: bring oxygen into lungs and take carbon dioxide out of the lungs
Digestive System
Maintenance of body
Organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, rectum
Function: receive food and digest into nutrient molecules
Urinary System
Maintenance of body
Organs: kidneys and urinary bladder
Function: gets rid of nitrogenous wastes, helps regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood
Reproductive System
Reproductive & Development
Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis Female: ovaries, Fallopian tubes, vagina, uterus
Function: produce sex cells, nourish and protect fetus (female)
Muscular System
Support/ Movement/ Protection
Organs: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
Function: move voluntarily, respond to stimuli, produce body heat
Anatomy
Structure
Physiology
Function
Axial Region Areas
- Head
- Neck (Cervical)
- Trunk
Trunk Region Areas
- Thoracic
2. Abdominal-pelvic
Appendicular Region Areas
- Upper Limb:
a. brachial region- arm
b. antebrachial region- forearm
c. carpal- wrist
d. hand
e. digits- fingers - Lower Limbs:
a. femoral- thigh
b. cural- leg
c. tarsal- ankle
d. foot
e. digits- toes
Segment of limb
Area between one joint and another, example: the arm is the segment between the shoulder and elbow OR the leg is the segment between the knee and ankle.
Finger segments
- Thumb= 2 (proximal & distal)
2. Other fingers= 2 (proximal, middle, & distal)
Viscera
Internal Organs
Body Cavities consist of ..
- Viscera
2. Membranes
Types of membranes
- Visceral= inner membrane against organ; example: membrane around the heart or lung
- parietal= outer membrane/ superficial membrane on surrounding structure; example: membrane on the inner part of the ribs
Cranial Cavity
Enclosed by the crainium (skull/ braincase) and contains the brain
Vertebral Canal
Enclosed by the vertebral column (spine) and contains the spinal cord
Meninges
Triple layered membrane that lines the cranial cavity & verterbral canal
Meninges Function
Protect the delicate nervous tissue from the hard protective bone that encloses it
Pericardium
Two layered membrane that encloses the heart;
Outer membrane= parietal layer; inner membrane= visceral layer; cavity in between= pericardial cavity
Abdominal Cavity Organs
Digestive organs, spleen, kidney, uterters
Pelvic Cavity
Rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, reproductive organs
Brim
Bony landmark inferior to the abdominal cavity and superior to the pelvic cavity
Continuity of abdominal pelvic cavity
No wall seperates the two cavity; Continuity between the two cavities however the pelvis is more narrow and tilts posteriorly
Peritonium
Two layered membrane within the pelvic cavity:
- Parietal Peritonium- outer layer that lines the cavity wall
- Visceral Peritonium- along the posterior midline that suspends certain abdominal viscera from the body wall
Peritonial Cavity
Space between the parietal and visceral layers- lubricated with peritoneal fluid
Retroperitonial Position
Organs that lie against the posterior wall of the peritonial cavity and are covered only by peritonium on the side facing the cavity;
Example: kidneys, uterers, adrenal glands, most of pancreas, and abdonomial portions of madjor blood vessles (aorta and inferior vena cava)
Intraperitonial Position
Organs encircled by peritornium and connected to the posterior wall by pertonium sheets
Mesentry
Visceral peritonium at points where it forms a translucent, membranous curtain suspending and anchoring the viscera
Serosa
Visceral peritonium at points where it enfolds and covers the outer surfaces of organs such as the stomach and small intestine
Potential Spaces
Under normal circumstances, membranes are pressed firmly togtether and there is no space between them. Membranes however are not firmly attached and under unusual circumstances, air or serous fluid can accumulate between and open up a space.
Example: Plerual Cavity or Lumen Cavity (Uterus) during pregnancy can open up during fetus growth & development
Visceral Peritonium: two types
- Serosa
2. Mesentry
Mesocolon
Posterior mesentry of the large intestine
Mesentry: two types
- Anterior
2. Posterior
Greater Omemntum
Hangs like an apron from the inferolateral margin of the stomach and overlies the intestine
Lesser Omentum
Extends from the supermedial margin of the stomach to the liver
Body Cavity Functions
- Protection; example: protect internal organs from thumps & bumps from running
- Allows organs to change shape & size
