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A&P1 > Week 2/3: Cells & Cellular Function > Flashcards

Week 2/3: Cells & Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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2
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cell membrane engulfs larger molecule to bring into cell

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3
Q

Exocytosis

A

cell vescicular process that releases material outside of cell

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4
Q

Endocytosis Types

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
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5
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cell-Eating” is the process of engulfing particles such as bacteria, dust, and cellular debris. Only occurs in specialized cells.

Example: Neutrophils (a class of white blood cells) protect the body from infection by phagocytozing and killing bacteria

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6
Q

Phagosome

A

a vesicle in the cytoplasm surrounded by a unit membrane- this forms via phagocytosis

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7
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cell Drinking” is the process of taking in droplets of ECF (extracellular fluid) containing molecules of some use to the cell. The process begins as the plasma membrane becomes dimpled, or caved in at points. These pits separate from the surface and form pinocyotic vesicles.

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8
Q

Pinocyotic Vesicles

A

a vesicle in the cytoplasm that forms via pinocytosis

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9
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

A more selective form of phago or pino-cytosis where receptors identify matter that the cell wants to take in. this limits the number of unnecessary matter that the cell consumes.

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10
Q

Semipermeable

A

Allows some things through but not others

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11
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Function: Controls what molecules enter and leave the cell, example: food & oxygen molecules must enter the cell AND waste product needs to be released.

Analogy: Gates/ Doors

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12
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

All body fluids not contained in the cells. Also called tissue or interstitial fluid

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13
Q

Intercellular Fluid

A

Fluid within the cell that surrounds the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions. Also called the Cytosol.

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14
Q

Organelles

A

Internal structures within cells that carry out a specific metabolic task

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15
Q

Membranous Organelles

A
  1. nucleas
  2. mitochondria
  3. lysosomes
  4. peroxisomes
  5. endoplasmic reticulum
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16
Q

Organelles without membranes

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Proteasomes
  3. Centrosomes
  4. Centrioles
  5. Basal Bodies
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17
Q

Nucleas

A

Appearance: largest organelle in most cells and is surrounded by double membrane.

Function: genetic control center of cell; directs protein synthesis & shelters the DNA

Most cells contain a single nucleas.

Analogy: control center of cell/ manager’s office.

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18
Q

Annucleas

A

cells without nucleas example: red blood cells

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19
Q

Multinucleas

A

cells with multiple blood cells, example: skeltal muscle cells, liver cells, bone dissolving cells.

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20
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double membrane that surrounds the nuclease

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21
Q

Nucleaplasm

A

Material in the nucleus

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22
Q

Chromatin

A

Fine threadlike matter composted of DNA and protein. Encased within the nucleaplasm

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23
Q

Nucleioli

A

Produces Ribosomes

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24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum types

A
  1. Rough E.R

2. Smooth E.R

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25
Q

Rough E.R

A

Location: extensive sheets of pparelle mebranes with ribosomes on outer surface.

Function: Protein synthesis and manufacturer of cellular membranes

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26
Q

Smooth E.R

A

Location:Branching network of tubules with smooth surface

Function: Lipid & hormone syntesis, detoxification, calcium storage

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27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Protein synthesis and manufacturer of cellular membranes

Analogy: Conveyer Belts

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28
Q

Ribosomes

A

Appearance/ Location:free in cytosol, on surface of rough ER and nuclear envelope, and inside nucleus & mitochondria

Function: Interpret genetic code and synthesize polypeptides

Analogy: Machines

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29
Q

Lysosomes

A

Trash disposal of cell- contains digestive enzymes that break down waste.

Package of enzymes, example: in the liver, lysosomes break down glycogen to be converted into glucose.

Analogy: Janitor

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30
Q

Autolysis vs Autophagy

A

Autolysis: the digestion of surplus cells by their own lysosomal enzymes. Some cells are meant to do a certain job and then destroy themselvesAlso known as cell suicide. Example: following pregnancy, the uterus will shrink considerably.

Autophagy: digestion and disposal of surplus or nonvital organelles in order to recycle their nutrients to more important cell needs

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31
Q

Golgi Complex/ Apparatus

A

Appearance/ location: near the nucleus, often with many golgi vesciles nearby.

Function: Delivery system of the cell- collects/ modifies/ and packages molecules into vesicles within the cell.

Analogy: post office/ mail room

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32
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP synthesis

Analogy: power plant/ electrical room

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33
Q

Types of scanes

A
  1. MRI
  2. PET Scan
  3. X-Ray
34
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: electromagnetic scan that allows us to view inside of the body. Produces anatomical images through changes/ contrasts in alignment of hydrogen atoms with magnetic field

Example: Brain testing

Disadvantage: claustrophobia, loud noises, etc.

35
Q

PET Scan

A

Positron Emission Tomography: used to detect the metabolic state of tissue and distinguish which tissues are most active at a given moment. Occurs through injection of radioactive glucose.

Example: examination of tissue death from a heart attack, diagnosis of cancer, examine tumor status

Disadvantage: provide low resolution

36
Q

X-Ray

A

Example of radiography ; process of photographing internal structures with X-Rays.

Example: used in dentistry, mammography, diagnosis of fractures, and examinmation of the chest.

Disadvantage: can cause mutations leading to cancer and birth defects.

37
Q

Phosopholipid Bilayer

A

Polar heads- hydrophilic = like water

Non polar tails- hydrophobic= fear water

38
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Describes the various molecules found in the cell membrane; example: proteins form channels and pumps to move material across the membrane AND carbohydrates act like Identification cards so cells can identify one another.

39
Q

Transport Across a Membrane

A
  1. Passive Transport:
    a. difussion
    b. carrier faciliated “help” difussion
    c. Osmosis
  2. Active Transport
    a. Protein Pump
    b. Endocytosis
    c. Exocytosis
40
Q

Passive Transport

A
  • Energy is not required for movement across membrane

- Molecules move from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration

41
Q

Passive Transport Factors

A
  1. Equilibrium

2. Permeability

42
Q

Equilibrium

A

When concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal

43
Q

Permeability

A

Ability of a molecule to diffuse across a membrane

  1. Impermeable: molecules can’t move across
  2. Semi-Permeable: some can, others cants
44
Q

Simple Diffusion

A
  • high to low concentration
  • no energy is required
  • occurs because molecules constantly move and collide with eachother
45
Q

Carrier- Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • molecules helped across by carrier proteins from high to low
  • no energy is required
46
Q

Osmosis

A

-Difussion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

47
Q

Isotonic

A
  • Concentration of solutes is the same in and out of cell

- equal amount of water entering/ leaving cell

48
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • Solution has a higher solute concentration than inside the cell
  • More water leaves cell, causing cell to shrink
49
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • Solution has lower solute concentration than inside the cell
  • More water enters cell, causing cell to expand
50
Q

Active Transport

A
  • Energy ie ATP is required for molecules to pass across membreane
  • ATP= battery of cell and breaking a bond in ATP releases energy
  • can pump molecules from lowe to high concentration
51
Q

Protein Pump

A
  • Example of active transport
  • Protein pumps pull molecules through
  • ATP is required
52
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Contain Carbon

53
Q

Organelle

A

“Little Organs”

Specialized structures that perform specific jobs in a cell.

54
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large organic molecules, also called polymers

55
Q

Macromolecule examples

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
56
Q

Dehyrdration Synthesis

A

Macromolecule/ Polymer formation through monomers combining via removal of water. Also called condensation reaction.

57
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Macromolecule seperated/ digested by adding water. Formation of monomers

58
Q

Carbohydrate Types

A
  1. monosaccharide
  2. disaccharide
  3. polysaccharide
59
Q

Monosaccharide

A

One sugar unit; example: glucose, deoxyribose, ribose, fructose, galactose

60
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two sugar unit, example: sucrose (glucose+fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose+glucose_

61
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many sugar units; Example: starch (bread, potatoes), glycogen (beef muscle), celluose (lettuce/ corn)

62
Q

Lipids

A
  • General term for compounds not soluble in water
  • Lipids are hydrophobic solvents
  • stores the most energy
63
Q

Lipid Examples

A
  1. Fats
  2. Phopholipids
  3. Oils
  4. Waxes
  5. Steroid Hormones
  6. Triglycerides
64
Q

Lipid Functions

A
  1. Long term energy storage
  2. Insulation
  3. Protection against physical shock
  4. protection against water loss
  5. chemical messengers (Hormones)
  6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)
65
Q

Triglyerceride

A

1 glyercol + 3 fatty acids

66
Q

Fatty Acids, two types

A
  1. saturated fatty acid- no double bonds

2. unsatuarated fatty acid- double bonds- has a kink

67
Q

Proteins

A

Polypeptides; bonded by peptide bonds

68
Q

Protein Funcitons

A
  1. Storage
  2. Transport:
  3. Regulatory: hormones
  4. Movement: muscles
  5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
  6. Enzymes; cellular reactions
69
Q

Types of protein structures

A
  1. primary- linear chains bonded by peptide bonds
  2. secondary- 3 dimensional folding arrangement into coils & pleats held together by hydrogen bonds
  3. tertiary - secondary structures bent and folded into more complex 3D arrangements; bonded by hydrogen, ionic, and disulfide bridges ; called sub-unit
  4. quaternary - composed of two or more sub-units; globular in shape and form in acqeuous solutions. example: enzymes
70
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis

71
Q

Nucleic Acids Types

A
  1. DNA- double helix

2. RNA- single strand

72
Q

Mitosis Phases

A

PMAT:

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. Cytokinesis
73
Q

Diploid Cell

A

has pairs of chromosomes ie: 46 chromosomes

74
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down
  • centrioles will replicate (forms two pairs) and move to opposite sides
  • start to form spindles (made of microtubules)
75
Q

Metaphase

A

-chromosomes line up along equator

76
Q

Anaphase:


A

-chromosomes split and start moving across opposite poles

77
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes gather at each pole of cell- new nuclear envelope appears at each pole- new nuclei appear - mitotic

78
Q

cytokinesis

A

-cytoplasm splitting apart to form two new cells

79
Q

Cytosol vs Cytoplasm

A 
Cytoplasm= everything contained within a cell
Cytosol= fluid/ matrix of the cytoplasm
80
Q

Interphase

A

G1= Growth and Normal Metabolic Roles
S= Synthesis/ DNA Replication
G2=Second gap phase; Growth & Preparation for mitosis
M=Mitotic Phase - splitting of duplicated cells

A&P1 (15 decks)

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