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A&P1 > Exam 6: Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Exam 6: Endocrine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Melatonin

A

Source: Pineal Gland

Target Organs & Tissues: Brain

Function: Sleep, may influence mood and sexual maturation

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2
Q

Thymopoetin, Thymosin, Thymulin

A

Source: Thymus

Target Organs & Tissues: Immune Cells ( T Lymphocytes)

Function: Stimulate T Lymphocytes development and activity

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3
Q

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodythyonine (T3)

A

Source: Thyroid Gland

Target Organs & Tissues:Most Tissues

Function: Elevate metabolic rate & heat production, increase respiratory rate, heart rate, strength of heartbeat

*Requires iodine to be produced which is found in goods and iodized salt

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4
Q

Calcitonin

A

Source: Thyroid Gland

Target Organs & Tissues: Bone

Function: lowers blood calcium by accelerating storage in bones (calcium is important for blood clotting, muscle contraction, and holding cells together)

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5
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Source: Parathyroid Gland

Target Organs & Tissues: Bones, Kidneys, and Small Intestine

Function: Raises blood calcium by stimulating bone reabsorbtion and inhibiting deposition, reducing urinary calcium , and enhancing calcitriol synthesis

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6
Q

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine

A

Source: Adrenal Medulla (Adrenal Gland)

Target Organs & Tissues: Most Tissues

Function: Promote alertness, mobilize organic fuels, raise metabolic rate, stimulate circulation and respiration, increase blood glucose levels, inhibit insulin secretion and glucose uptake by insulin dependent organs (spairing glucose for brain)

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7
Q

Aldosterone

A

Source: Adrenal Cortex (Zona Gomerulosa)

Target Organs & Tissues: Kidney

Function: Promotes sodium and water retention AND potassium excretion; maintains blood pressure and volume

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8
Q

Cortisol and Corticosterone

A

Source: Adrenal Cortex (Zona Fasciculata and Zona Reticularis)

Additional Info: Both are glucocorticoids

Target Organs & Tissues: Most Tissue

Function: Stimulate fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenisis, stress resistance & tissue repair

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9
Q

Dehydropiandrosterone (DHEA)

A

Source: Adrenal Cortex (Zona Fasciculata and Zona Reticularis)

Additional Info: Is an Androgen

Target Organs & Tissues: Bone, muscle, integument, brain, many other tissues.

Function: Precursor to testosterone, indirectly promotes growth of bones, public and axillary hair, apocrine glands, and fetal male reproductive tract, stimulates libido

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10
Q

Glucagon

A

Source: Pancreas (Alpha Cells)

Target Organs & Tissues: Liver

Function: Stimulates amino acid reabsorbtion, gluconeogensis, glycogen and fat breakdown, raises blood glucose and fatty acid levels

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11
Q

Insulin

A

Source: Pancreas (Beta Cells)

Target Organs & Tissues: Most tissues

Function: stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake; lowers blood glucose level, promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

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12
Q

Somatostatin

A

Source: Pancreas (Delta Cells)

Target Organs & Tissues: Stomach, intestines, pancreatic islet cells

Function: Modulates digestion, nutrient absorbtion, and glucagon and insulin secretion

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13
Q

Gastrin

A

Source: Pancreas (PP Cells)

Target Organs & Tissues: Stomach

Function: Stimulates acid secretion and gastric motility.

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14
Q

Estradiol

A

Source: Ovaries

Target Organs & Tissues: Many tissues

Function: stimulates female reproductive development and adolscent growth, regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy; prepares mammary glands for lactation

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15
Q

Progesterone

A

Source: Ovaries/ Placenta

Target Organs & Tissues: Uterus, Mammary Glands

Function: Regulates menstrual cycles and pregnancy; prepares mammary glands for lactation

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16
Q

Inhibin

A

Source: Ovaries

Target Organs & Tissues: Anterior Pituitary

Function: inhibits FSH secretion

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17
Q

Testosterone

A

Source: Testes

Target Organs & Tissues: Many tissues

Function: stimulates fetal and adolscent reproductive development, musculoskeletal growth, sperm production, and libido

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18
Q

Inhibin

A

Source: Testes

Target Organs & Tissues: Anterior Pituitary

Function: inhibits FSH secretion

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19
Q

Chloecalciferol

A

Source: skin

Target Organs & Tissues:

Function: precursor of calctriol

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20
Q

Calcidiol

A

Source: Liver

Target Organs & Tissues:

Function: precursor of calctriol

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21
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

Source: Liver

Target Organs & Tissues:

Function: precursor of angiotenin II

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22
Q

Erythropoetin

A

Source: Liver and Kidney

Target Organs & Tissues: Red Bone Marrow

Function: promotes red blood cell production, increases oxygen- carrying capacity of blood

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23
Q

Hepcidin

A

Source: Liver

Target Organs & Tissues: Small Intestine/ Liver

Function: regulates plasma iron level

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24
Q

insulin-like growth factor I

A

Source: Liver

Target Organs & Tissues: many tissues

Function: prolongs and mediates action of growth hormone

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25
Q

Angiotensin I

A

Source: Kidneys

Target Organs & Tissues:

Function: precursoe of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor

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26
Q

Calcitriol

A

Source: Kidneys

Target Organs & Tissues: small intestine

Function: increases blood calcium level mainly by promoting intestinal absorbtion of calcium

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27
Q

Natruretic Peptides (NP)

A

Source: Heart

Target Organs & Tissues: Kidney

Function: lowers blood volume and pressure by promoting sodium and water loss

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28
Q

Chloecytsokinin

A

Source: Stomach & Small Intestine

Target Organs & Tissues: Gallbladder, brain

Function: bile release, apetite supression

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29
Q

Gastrin

A

Source: Stomach & Small Intesntine

Target Organs & Tissues: Stomach

Function: Stimulates acid secretion

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30
Q

Ghrelin

A

Source: Stomach & Small Intestine

Target Organs & Tissues: Brain

Function: Stimulates hunger, initiates feeding

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31
Q

Peptide YY

A

Source: Stomach & Small Intestine

Target Organs & Tissues: Brain

Function: produces sense of satiety, terminates feeding

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32
Q

Leptin

A

Source: adipose tissue

Target Organs & Tissues: Brain

Function: limits appetite over long term

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33
Q

Osteocalcin

A

Source: osseous tissue

Target Organs & Tissues: pancreas, adipose tissue

Function: stimulates pancreatic beta cells to multiply, increases insulin secretion, enhances insulin sensitivity of various tissues, and reduces fat deposition

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34
Q

Lipocalin 2

A

Source: osseous tissue

Target Organs & Tissues: pancreatic beta cells

Function: promotes insulin secretion and action

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35
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

End in -iol or -one; example: calcitriol, aldosterone, corticosterone

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36
Q

Monoamine Hormones

A

End in -ine or -nin; example: dopamine, epinephrine, melatonin

37
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

End in -in; mainly found in anterior pituitary .. insulin, oxytocin, etc.

38
Q

Hormone interactions

A
  1. synergistic: amplify same effects; example: FSH and testosterone
  2. permissive: one hormone influences the receptivity of the target organ to another hormone; example: estrogen and progesterone
  3. antogonist: hormones have opposite effects; example: insulin and glucagon
39
Q

Hyper vs Hyposecretion

A

hyposecretion: inadequate hormone release; can result from tumors or lesions that destroy endocrine gland or interfere with its ability to recieve signals from another cell. Can also happen through autoimmune disorders when endocrine cells are attacked by one’s own antibodies or immune cells.
hypersecretion: excessive hormone release. Can happen from tumors leading to overgrowth of functional endocrine tissue. Autoimmune disorders can also cause hypersecretion

40
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

ADH Hyposecretion disables the water-conserving capability of the kidneys - an output of abundant but glucose-free urine

41
Q

Pituitary Disorders

A
  1. Gigantism- hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood or adolescence
  2. Pituitary Dwarfism - hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood
  3. Acromegaly- hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood- thickening of the bones and soft tissues, especially with hands, feet, and face.
42
Q

Gigantism

A
  • hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood or adolescence
  • excessive growth of long bones
  • treatment:drug therapy to inhibit GH release
43
Q

Pituitary Dwarfism

A
  • hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood
  • long bone growth is decreased
  • body is proportioned and intellegence is normal
  • treatment: injections of GH
44
Q

.Acromegaly-

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood- thickening of the bones and soft tissues, especially with hands, feet, and face.

45
Q

Thyroid & Parthyroid Disorders

A
  1. Congenital Hypothyrodism- thyroid hyposecretion present at birth- stunted physical development; thickend facial features, low body temp, lethargy, brain damage
  2. Myxedema- severe hypothyrodism during adulthood - weight gain, sluggishness, low metabolic rates, dry skin and hair, abnormal sensitivity to cold, and tissue swelling
  3. Endemic Goiter- results from deficiency of iodine. Without iodine, the gland cannot synthesize TH (T3 and T4). Without TH, the pituitary gland recieves no feedback and acts as if the thyroid is understimulated. Therefore, the pituitary will stimulate the thyroid, creating more thyrogloblin (which cant become TH). Build up of thyrogloblin leads to swelling in the neck.
  4. Hypoparathryoidism- causes a rapid decline in blood calcium levels- can lead to fatal suffocating spasm of the muscle in the larynx.
  5. Hyperparathyroidism- excess PTH secretion (usually caused by a parathyroid tumor). It causes the bones to bcome soft, deformed, and fragile; it raises the level of calcium and phosphate which can promote formation of kidney stones.
46
Q

Congenital Hypothyrodism

A

thyroid hyposecretion present at birth- stunted physical development; thickend facial features, low body temp, lethargy, brain damage

47
Q

Myxedema

A

severe hypothyrodism during adulthood - weight gain, sluggishness, low metabolic rates, dry skin and hair, abnormal sensitivity to cold, and tissue swelling

48
Q

Endemic Goiter

A

results from deficiency of iodine. Without iodine, the gland cannot synthesize TH (T3 and T4). Without TH, the pituitary gland recieves no feedback and acts as if the thyroid is understimulated. Therefore, the pituitary will stimulate the thyroid, creating more thyrogloblin (which cant become TH). Build up of thyrogloblin leads to swelling in the neck.

49
Q

Hypoparathryoidism

A

causes a rapid decline in blood calcium levels- can lead to fatal suffocating spasm of the muscle in the larynx.

50
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

excess PTH secretion (usually caused by a parathyroid tumor). It causes the bones to become soft, deformed, and fragile; it raises the level of calcium and phosphate which can promote formation of kidney stones.

51
Q

Adrenal Disorders

A
  1. Cushing Syndrome: excess cortisol secretion resulting from either a.excessive ACTH hypersecretion of pituitary; b.ACTH secreting tumors; c.hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex independent of ACTH. Cushing’s Syndrome disrupts carb and protein metabolism, leading to hyperglycemia; hypertension; musclar weakness, and endema. Muscle and bone mass is lost. Moon face is a common symptom too.
  2. Adrenogenital Syndrome (AGS): hypersecretion of adrenal androgens, commonly accompanies Cushing Syndrome. Causes enlargement of penis or clitoris and premature onset of puberty. AGS in females can lead to masculinzing affects like increased body hair, deepening of voice, and beard growth.
  3. Addison’s Disease: Hyposecretion of adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids, causing hypoglyemia, hypotension, weight loss, weakness, loss of stress resistance, darkening of the skin, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances.
52
Q

Adrenogenital Syndrome (AGS):

A

hypersecretion of adrenal androgens, commonly accompanies Cushing Syndrome. Causes enlargement of penis or clitoris and premature onset of puberty. AGS in females can lead to masculinzing affects like increased body hair, deepening of voice, and beard growth.

53
Q

Cushing Syndrome:

A

excess cortisol secretion resulting from either a.excessive ACTH hypersecretion of pituitary; b.ACTH secreting tumors; c.hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex independent of ACTH. Cushing’s Syndrome disrupts carb and protein metabolism, leading to hyperglycemia; hypertension; musclar weakness, and endema. Muscle and bone mass is lost. Moon face is a common symptom too.

54
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Hyposecretion or inaction of insulin.

55
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hyposecretion of adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids, causing hypoglyemia, hypotension, weight loss, weakness, loss of stress resistance, darkening of the skin, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances.

56
Q

Hyperinsulinism

A

Inslet hypersecretion or injection of too much insulin can cause hypoglycemia, weakness, hunger, insulin shock.

57
Q

Pheocromocytoma

A

A tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes excess epinephrine and norepinephrine- causes hypertension, elevated metabolic rate, nervousness, indigestion, hyperglycemia, and glycosuria

58
Q

Graves Disease

A

AKA Toxic Goiter - severe case of hyperthyroidism

Thyroid hypertrophy and hypersecretion, occurs when antibodies mimic the effect of TSH and overstimulate the thyroid.

Results in elevated metabolic rate and heart rate, nervousness, sleeplessness, weight loss, abnormal heat sensitivity.

59
Q

Thyrotopin- Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus

Target: Anterior Pituitary

Function: Promotes secretion of thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) and Prolactin (PRL)

60
Q

Corticotropin- Releasing Hormone (CRH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus

Target: Anterior Pituitary

Function: Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

61
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus

Target: Anterior Pituitary

Function: Promotes secretion of LH and FSH

62
Q

Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

A

Source: Hypothalamus

Target: Anterior Pituitary

Function: Inhibits secretion of prolactin (PRL)

63
Q

Somatostatin

A

Source: Hypothalamus

Target: Anterior Pituitary

Function: Inhibits secretion of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

64
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary

Target: Testes & Ovaries

Function:
Female-growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen
Male-Sperm Production

65
Q

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary

Target: Testes & Ovaries

Function:
Female-Ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum
Male-Testosterone Secretion

66
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary

Target: Thyroid Gland

Function:
Growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone (TH)

67
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary

Target: Adrenal Cortex

Function:
Growth of the adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoid

68
Q

Prolactic (PRL)

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary

Target: Mammary Glands

Function:
Milk synthesis

69
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Source: Anterior Pituitary

Target: Liver, Bone, Carrliage, Muscle, Fat

Function:
Widespread Tissue growth, especially in the stated tissues.

70
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Source: Posterior Pituitary

Target: Kidneys

Function:
Water retention

71
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

Source: Posterior Pituitary

Target: Uterus, Mammary Glands

Function:
labor contractions, milk release; possibly involved in ejaculation, sperm transport, sexual affection, and mother-infant bonding

72
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Over-production of thyroxine increases metabolism
  • Causes weight-loss, increased appetite, fatigue, high blood pressure, nervousness, irregular menstrual periods in women.
  • Treatment: anti-thyroid medication, surgical removal of thyroid.
73
Q

Cretinism

A
  • When hypothyroidism occurs since infancy or childhood, growth and development are not occur normally
  • Lack of mental/physical growth resulting in mental retardation and malformation
  • Sexual development and physical growth does not reach beyond 7-8 year old children
74
Q

Name these structures/ hormones

A

A:Hypothalamus

B:TRH
C:GnRH

D:CRH

E:GHRH

F:PRL
G:Mammary Gland

H:TSH
I:Thyroid Gland

J:LH/FSH

K:Testes

L:Ovaries

M:GH

N:Liver

O:IGF

P:Fat, Muscle, Bone

Q:ACTH

R:Adrenal Cortex

75
Q

Name these parts/ hormones

A

A.Hypothalamus

B.Anterior Pituitary

C.Infindibulum

D.Posterior Pituitary

E.Oxytocin

F.ADH

G:Hypothalimic Hormones:

Gonadotropic-releasing hormone

Thryotropin-releasing hormone

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Prolactin Inhibiting hormone

Growth Hormone-releasing hormone

Somatostatin

H.Anterior Lobe Hormones

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Prolactin (PLT)

Growth Hormone (GH)

I:Anterior Pituary

J.Posterior Pituitary

76
Q

Name these parts

A

A.Pineal Gland

B.Hypothalamus

C.Pituitary Glan

D.Thyroid Gland

E.Thymus

F.Adrenal Gland

G.Pancreas

H.Parathyroid Gland

L.Trachea

I.Gonads

J.Ovary (Female)

K.Testis (Male)

77
Q

Name these parts

A

A.Adrenal Cortex

B.Adrenal Medulla

C.Adrenal Cortex

D.Zona Glomerulosa

E.Zona Fasculata

F.Zona Reticularis

G.Adrenal Medulla

78
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

EEG

useful in studying normal brain functions such as sleep and consciousness, and in diagnosing degenerative brain diseases, metabolic abnor- malities, brain tumors, trauma, and so forth.

79
Q

EEG Brain Waves

A
  1. Alpha Waves
  2. Beta Waves
  3. Theta Waves
  4. Delta Waves
80
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Alpha(α)waves are recorded especially in the parieto-occipital area. They dominate the EEG when a person is awake and resting, with the eyes closed and the mind wandering. They are suppressed when a person opens the eyes, receives specific sensory stimulation, or engages in a mental task such as performing mathematical calculations. They are absent during deep sleep.

81
Q

Beta Waves

A

Beta (β) waves have a frequency of 14 to 30 Hz and occur in the frontal to parietal region. They are accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation.

82
Q

Theta Waves

A

Theta (θ) waves have a frequency of 4 to 7 Hz. They are normal in children and in drowsy or sleeping adults, but a predominance of theta waves in awake adults suggests emotional stress or brain disorders.

83
Q

Delta Waves

A

Delta (δ) waves are high-amplitude “slow waves” with a frequency of less than 3.5 Hz. Infants exhibit delta waves when awake, and adults exhibit them in deep sleep. A predominance of delta waves in awake adults indicates serious brain damage.

84
Q

Describe these EEG waves

A

alpha waves: awake but resting, eyes closed, not mentally concentrating on any one subject or task

85
Q

Describe these eeg waves

A

Delta Waves: deep sleep

86
Q

Describe these EEG waves

A

Theta Waves: Drowsy or sleepy state in adults, common in children

87
Q

Describe these EEG waves

A

Beta waves: recieving sensory stimulation or engaged in concentrated mental activity

88
Q

Coma EEG

A

resembles that of a waking state

89
Q

Describe the state of the individual based on appearance of EEG waves

A

A.Awake

B.Light Sleep

C.REM Sleep

D.Deep Sleep

E.Cerebral Death

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