Exam 5: Neuro Flashcards
Name K and List Function
Area: Primary Visual Cortex (far posterior region of occipital lobe)
Function: Visual Signals are received by this area
Name E and List Function
Area: Primary Olfactory Cortex (medial surface of temporal lobe & inferior surface of frontal lobe)
Function: Olfactory (smell) signals are recieved by this area
Name L and List Function
Area: Primary Auditory Cortex (superior region of the temporal lobe and in the nearby insula)
Function: Auditory Signals are recieved by the Primary Auditory Cortex
Name A and List Function
Area: Primary Motor Cortex
Function: Generate signals to direct movement of the body
What brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and what regulates body temperature ?
Hypothalamus
ANS acts through motor pathways that invove two nerve fibers, preganglionic and postganglionic, reaching from CNS to effector (glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle). ACh and NE are the neurotransmitters involved in the synaptic transmission.
ANS Regulates Body Temperature within the Hypothalamus
Cranial Nerve I: Name, Location, & Function
- *Name**: Olfactory Nerve
- *Location**: inferior to the frontal lobe
Function: trasnmits sensory information to your brain regarding smells that you encounter
Cranial Nerve II: Name, Location, Function
Name: Optic Nerve
Location:
Function: Sensory; the sensory nerve that involves vision. Recieves information from rods & cones in retina and the optic nerve sends signals to the visual cortex (which then processes information)
Cranial Nerve III: Name, Location, Function
Name: Occularmotor Nerve
Location: front part of midbrain (part of the brainstem) to eye sockets.
Function: Motor- provides motor function to four of the six muscles around your eyes. These muscles help your eyes move and focus on objects
Cranial Nerve IV: Name, Location, Function
Name: Trochlear Nerve
Location: back part of midbrain TO the eye sockets.
Function: Motor; Controls your superior oblique muscle. This is the muscle responsible for downward, outward, and inward eye movements.
Cranial Nerve V: Name, Location, Function
Name: Trigeminal
Location: Originates from a group of nuceli (collection of nerve cells) in the midbrain and medulla regions of brainstem and seperate from a seperate sensory root and motor root. Sensory branches into opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. Motor only goes to mandibular.
Function: Sensory AND Motor
-V1: Ophthalmic- sends sensory information from the upper part of the face, including your forehead scalp, and upper eyelids
V2:Maxillary: communicates sensory information from the middle part of your face, including cheeks, upper lip, and nasal cavity
V3:Mandibular: Sensory AND Motor; sends sensory information ears, lower lip, and chin. It also controls the moovement of the muscles within jaws and ear.
Cranial Nerve VI: Name, Location, Function
Name: Abducens Nerve
Location: Originates in the pons region of the brainstem and terminates in the eye socket.
Function: Motor; Controls another muscle that’s associated with eye movement called the lateral rectus muscle. Involved with outward eye movment (you use this when you look to the side).
Cranial Nerve VII: Name, Location, Function
Name: Facial Nerve
Location: Originates in the Pons area of brainstem, where it has both sensory and motor roots, and the two nerves fuse together to form the facial nerve.
Function: Sensory and Motor;
Motor:
- Moving muscles used for facial expressions as well as some muscles in jaw;
- supplying glands in your head or neck, such as salivary glands and tear-producing glands;
Sensory:
- Providing a sense of taste for most of tongue
- communicating sensations from the outer parts of your ear.
Cranial Nerve VIII: Name, Location, Function
Name: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Location: Cochlear originates in the inferior cerebellar peduncle; Vestibular begins in the pons & medulla- both portions combine to form the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Function: Sensory; Involved in hearing and balance
VIII 1: Cochlear Portion
-within ear that sense vibrations from sound based of the sounds loudness and pitch. Generates nerve impulses that are trasnmitted to the cochlear nerve.
VIII 2:Vestibular Portion: Senses/ tracks both linear and rotational head movements. This info is transmitted to the vestibular nerve and used to adjust your balance and equlibrium
Cranial Nerve IX: Name, Locaiton, Function
Name: Glossopharayngeal Nerve
Location: Originates in brainstem called the Medulla Oblongata and terminates into neck and throat region
Function: Sensory and Motor;
Sensory:
- sends sensory information from sinuses, the back of throat, parts of inner ear, and back part of tongue
- provides a sense of taste for the back part of tongue
Motor:
-stimulates voluntary movement of a muscle in the back of your throat called the stylopharyngeus
Cranial Nerve X: Name, Location, Function
Name: Vagus Nerve
Location: Longest Pathway; It extends from head all the way to abdomen; it originates from the medulla
Function: Sensory AND Motor;
Sensory:
-communicating sensation information from your ear canal and parts of your throat
- sending sensory information from organs in your chest and trunk, such as your heart and intestines
- providing a sense of taste near the root of your tongue
Motor:
- allowing motor control of muscles in your throat
- stimulating the muscles of organs in your chest and trunk, including those that move food through your digestive tract (peristalsis)
Cranial Nerve XI: Name, Location, Function
Name: Accessory Nerve
Location: It’s divided into two parts: spinal and cranial. The spinal portion originates in the upper part of your spinal cord. The cranial part starts in your medulla oblongata. These parts meet briefly before the spinal part of the nerve moves to supply the muscles of your neck while the cranial part follows the vagus nerve.
Function: Motor; controls the muscles in your neck. These muscles allow you to rotate, flex, and extend your neck and shoulders.
Cranial Nerve XII: Name, Location, Function
Name: Hypoglossal Nerve
Location: starts in medulla oblongata and moveds down into the haw, where it reaches tongue.
Function: Motor; movement of most muscles in tongue
Name these Cranial Nerves
O-Olfactory (Sensory)- L
O- Optic (Sensory)- F
O- Ocularmotor (Motor)- M
T- Trochlear (Motor)
T- Trigeminal (Both) - V1:J, V2: E, V3:D
A- Abducens (Motor)- G
F- Facial (Both)- K
V- Vestibulocochlear (Sensory)- B
G- Glossopharyngeal (Both)- I
V- Vagus (Both)- H
A- Accessory (Motor) - A
H- Hypoglossal (Motor) - C
What cranial nerves are in the pons ?
V: Trigeminal Nerve **
VI-Abducens Nerve
VII-Facial Nerve
VIII-Vestibulocochlear Nerve
What cranial nerves are in the cerebrum ?
I: Olfactory Nerve
II: Optic Nerve
What cranial nerves are in the midbrain ?
III: Oculomotor Nerve
IV: Trochlear Nerve
What cranial nerves are in the Medulla ?
VIII (Partly): Vestibulocochlear Nerve
IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve
X: Vagus Nerve
XI: Accessory Nerve
XII: Hypoglossal
What does the brainstem consist of and what is it responsible for?
Consists:
Pons= movement
Midbrain
Medulla
Location/ Attributes:
Brainstem is the bottom part of the brain and it connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum. It consists of the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Function:
It is responsible for many involuntary functions like cardiovascular (heart rate), sleeping, eating, respiratory (regulation of breathing, monitoring blood pH & blood gases, and adjusts the respiratory rate and depth to control these within normal ranges)
What lobe is the primary soma sensory cortex located in?
Parietal Lobe
What type of cells are in the ventricles of the brain?
Ependymal Cells line the ventricles of the brain. Cerebral Spinal Fluid fills the ventricles (blood plasma and other salts like sodium chloride)
Also helps with the production of CSF
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of the meninges ?
Arachnoid and Pia Matter
What part of the brain controls the heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure AND where is this part located
Medulla Obongata (in the brainstem)
Sits beneath cerebrum and in front of your cerebellum
Name this part
Brainstem
What is the description of a gyrus ?
Thick folds or ridges that mark each hemisphere (made up of gray matter)
What is the description of sulci ?
Shallow grooves that seperate the gyri
Cerebral Cortex Description
The most superficial layer that covers the surface of the hemispheres.
Executive suite
If your neural tube fails to develop what will be the cause and what will happen as you develop
The neuro tube forms during embryonic development and functions to create a protective capsule when it closes (prevents amniotic fluid from breaching). The neuro tube eventually forms into the baby’s skull, spine, brain, & spinal cord.
A neural tube defect (NTD) occurs when the neural tube fails to close properly. Two most common NTDs are Anencephaly and Spina Bifida.
Spina Bifida
An NTD in which the lower neural tubes fail to close. Spinal Cord and Back Bones do not develop properly. Paralysis of infants legs, loss of bowel and bladder control, water on the brain (hydrocephalus), and learning disabilities are common symptoms
Anencephaly
An NTD in which the upper neural tubes fail to close. Brain in this cases either never completely develops or is totally absent. Pregnancies affected by this often result in misscarriages. Infants who are born alive often die very soon after birth.
Lateral sulcus seperates what lobes ?
Frontal AND Temporal lobes
If someone has a accident in the spinal cord between T1 and L1 what type of parallalization will the patient have what is the name of it ?
A. Spinal shock injury only
B.Quadriplegia
C.Paraplegia
D.Hemiplegia
C. Paraplegia
If you have spastic paralysis, what motor neurons get affected?
Spastic Paralysis is a state in which muscles contract but cannot relax (theres a lack of inhibitory control from the brain)
Upper Motor Neurons are affected with spastic paralysis becasue their role is to prevent excessive muscle movement (lower motor neurons are responsible for contraction/ excitatory control)
The ridges of tissues on the surface of a cerebral hemisphere are called ?
Sulci
The frontal and temporal lobes are seperated by what ?
The lateral sulcus (Sylvian Fissure)
If you have damage to the primary motor cortex, what does it result in loss of?
Coordination, muscle control & reflexes, muscle movements
What is the Broca’s Area ?
Involved in speech & language. Recieves plan of speech from Wernicke’s area and is responsible for generating a motor program for the muscles of the laraynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips to produce speech as well as hand motions for signing. Signals are transmitted to the primary motor cortex to execute!
What part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality ?
Prefrontal Cortex (anterior association area)
The blood brain barrier is effective against what ?
Metabolic Waste and Foreign Substances such as Urea, Circulating Toxins or Pathogens
What structures are part of the limbic system ?
Amydgala, Hippocampus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Basal Ganglia, and Cingulate Gyrus
What is association memory?
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank
Can be implicit or explicit
Example: learning a new coworkers name OR walking past a bar and remembering a friend that you had met there for the first time.
The area of the cortex that is responsible for a full bladder and the feeling in your lungs will burst when you hold your breath for too long is the ________
Visceral Sensory Area (Insular Cortex or Insula)
What is a coma ?
Prolonged unconsciousnesses and state of unresponsiveness to external stimuli
It is the brain’s arrousal system that is affected- The cerebral cortex and the reticular activating system (located within the brainstem) are affected during comas. Hypothalamus and Most of the brainstem (the parts of the brain that control vital functions like sleep, homeostasis, breathing, blood opressure, heart rate, etc.) continue to operate.
What is Procedural Memory?
Retention of motor skill
It is implicit- a type of memory of things that come reflexively or unconciously
Long term memory
Example: how you type, ride a bike, muscle memory, read, etc.
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.
Association Memory
Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?
Emotional
Procedural
Motor
Declarative
Procedural
A patient suffering from memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation, and eventual language loss is most likely suffering from ______:
A.Parkinson’s
B.Alzheimer’s
C.Huntington’s Disease
Alzeimers Disease
What is a mild traumatic brain injury called ?
Concussion
Name these areas and function:
A. Dendrites:recieves signals from other cells
B.Cell Body or Soma: organizes and keeps the cell functional
C.Cell Membrane:Protects the cell
D.Axon Hillock:Generates impulse in the neuron
E.Node of Ranvier: allow diffusion of ions
F. Schwaan Cell: produces the myelin sheath
G.Nucleus: Controls the entire neuron
H.Axon: tranfers signals to other cells and organs
I.Myelin Sheath: increases the speed of the signal/ impulse
J.Axon Terminal: forms junctions with other cells
Cervical Plexus
Composed of the first four cervical ventral rami, innervates the skin and muscles of the neck and upper shoulders
Brachial Plexus
Composed of the ventral rami of the last four cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve
Lumbar Plexus
Formed from the ventral rami of T12, and L1-4 and innervates the lower abdomen, and the anterior and medial portions of the lower limbs
Sacral Plexus
Consists of the the ventral rami of L4-5 and S1-4 and innervates the lower back, pelvis, and posterior surface of the thigh and leg and the foot.
Olfactory Nerve: Function and Damage
Function: Sense of smell
Damage would lead to inability to smell (anosmia)
Thermoreceptors
Stimulated by changes in temperature
Found in skin
Mechanoreceptors
Stimulated by changes in pressure or movement
Found in skin and muscles- mechanoreceptos in the skin and ciscera detect varying degrees of pressure.
**Free nerve endings have pain receptors AND thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Stimulated by light
Found only in the eyes
Chemoreceptors
Stimulated by changes in chemical concentration of substances
Used for taste and smell- tastebuds contain chemoreceptors found in the epithelium of the tongue - pappilae (numps on the tongue contain many receptors- these can detect sweet, sour, bitter, umami, salty.
Smell is within the nasal cavity- chemoreceptors in the olfactory bulb are stimulated by odor molecules
Nocioreceptors
Sensitive to pain-causing stimuli such as extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, and inflammatory chemicals.
Stimulated by tissue damage/ inflammation
A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors, which cranial nerve is damaged ?
I- Olfaction Nerve
What is a dermatome and why are they effective ?
A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve.[1] There are 8 cervical nerves (C1 being an exception with no dermatome), 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves and 5 sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain.
Dermatomes are important because they can help assess and diagnose a variety of conditions. They can help your doctor identidy which body part certain conditions affect, such as in the case of singles, injury, and pinched nerves.
Why are dermatomes effective?
What is Bells Palsy ?
LMN Lesion Involving CN VII (Facial Nerve) resulting in unilateral facial paralysis. acute inflammatory process of unknown etiology (immune or viral disease) resulting in compression of the nerve within the temporal bone
Characterisitics:
- ms of facial expression on one side are weakened or paralyzed
- loss of control of salivation or lacrimation
- onset is acute, maximum severity in a few hours or days; commonly preceded by a day or two of pain behind the ear
Observations:
- drooping of corner of mouth, eyelids that dont close
- function of muscles of facial expression: have pt wrinkle forehead, raise eyebrows, frown, smile, close eyes tightly, puff cheeks
- taste of the anterior two thirds of tongue
The major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the _____
- The Femoral Nerve
- Obturator Nerve
- Saphenous Nerve
What Protects and Shapes the eyeball?
Scelra
Which blood vessels supply nutrition to most of the eye structure including the lens and cornea ?
Choroid
What contains only cones and provides detailed colored vision ?
The Fovea
What lacks photoreceptors where the optic nerve exits the eye?
The Optic Disc (The Blind Spot)
What consists of pigment layer and a neural layer ?
The Retina
What acts as a reflex activity activated diaphragm to vary pupil size?
Iris
The only tissue in the body that can be transplanted from one person to another with little to no rejection is ______
The Cornea
The ______ controls lens shape
Ciliary Body
The viscous layer that holds the retina firmly against the pigmented layer
Posterior Segment (Vitreous Humor)
Fluid blockages here cause glaucoma
Anterior Segment (Aqueous Humor)
Label & Function of A
Auricle (Pinna) is the outer ear- it is what most people refer to as the ear and is a shell shaped structure surrounding the auditory canal opening
Structure and Function of B
Tympanic Membrane - located in the outer ear - sound waves entering the auditory canal eventually hit the tympanic membrane (or eardrum) and cause it to vibrate; the canel ends at the ear drum, which separates the external and middle ear.
Structure and Function of C
Stapes (or Stirrup) is one of the auditory ossicles located in the middle ear. It is a bone which transmits the vibration motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear
Structure and Function of D
Semicircular Canals- located within the inner ear- three, tiny fluid filled tubers in the inner ear that help one maintain balance. When your head moves around, the liquid inside the canals slosh around and moves the tiny hairs that line each canal.
What is emotional memory ?
An emotion evoked by a past association even before the conscious recollection of the experience that provoked it
Implicit type of memory
Example: fear of being stung if a wasp lands on you
What is motor memory ?
Long term memory
Is a type of procedural memory that involves adopting a motor skill through repetition.
Cerebellum
Below the cerebrum
Associated with motor coordination
Cerebrum
Sits on the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, etc)
Divided into two hemispheres (split by longitudinal fissure)
Most complex part of brain - intellect, behaviors, socializes, memory recalls, predictions, etc.
Different layers - neo cortex (front, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes) and deeper layers (insula)
Meningitis
Viral or Bacterial Infection of meninges
Coccygeal Ligament
Or the Filum Terminale is a fibrous band that anchors the meninges (and consequently the spinal cord) to the coccyx
The Babinski Reflex
Relfex that occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward (dorsiflexion) or toward the top surface of the foot AND the other toes fan out. This reflex is normal in children up to 2 years old.
This reflex is not normal in older children or adults. If this occurs, then it is a sign of a problem in the CNS (needs upper or descending motor inihibition). This could be the result of a strucural neurlogical damage or temporary from epilepsy or intoxication.
A plantar reflex would be normal in older children and adults.
What sulcus seperates parietal from occipital lobe?
The parietal-occiptal sulcus
