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A&P1 > Lab Exam 3: Neuro/ Sensory > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3: Neuro/ Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Name these parts

A

A.Meninges

B.Dura Mater

C.Arachnoid Mater

D.Pia Mater

E.Gray Matter

F.Posterior Honr

G.Gray Commissure

H.Lateral Horn

I. Anterior Horn

J.White Matter

K.Posterior Column

L.Lateral Column

M.Anterior Column

N.Central Canal

O.Posterior Root of Spinal Cord

P.Posterior Root of Ganglion

Q.Spinal Nerve

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2
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue membrane that protects the Brain & Spinal Cord.

Made up of three layers:

pia mater

arachnoid mater

dura mater

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3
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost Layer- thin layer tha attaches tightly to the spinal cord

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4
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Fibrous middle layer of the meninges

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5
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost Layer: thick and tough/ resistant for protection

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6
Q

Subarachnoid

A

Layer that lies between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater

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7
Q

Subdural Space

A

Meninges layer that lies between the Dura Mater and Arachnoid Mater

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8
Q

Spinal Cord vs Brain Anatomy: White & Gray Matter

A

Spinal Cord: White Mater surrounds the Gray Matter

Brain: Gray Matter surrounds the White Matter

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9
Q

What gives gray matter it’s appearance ?

A

Grey matter contains clusters of cell bodies of neurons which gives it the color

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10
Q

Anterior vs Posterior Root Of Spinal Nerve

A

Anterior Root of Spinal Nerve = motor neurons (exits the anterior horn)

Posterior Root = sensory neurons (enters the posterior horn)

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11
Q

Spinal Nerve Structure

A

roots of the anterior and posterior join together

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Posterior Root Ganglion & Bump: Sensory & Motor Neurons

A
  • Bump is formed because a ton of sensory neuron bodies exist here
  • Most motor neuron bodies are in the spinal cord
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14
Q

Gray Commisure

A

Connects two halves of the spinal cord

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15
Q

Central Canal of Spinal Cord

A

Opening between the gray commissure

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) forms within the central canal

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16
Q

Reflex Definition

A

Quick, programmed, involuntary response to a stimulus

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17
Q

Reflex Arc Steps

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Sensory Neuron (Afferent = towards/ in)
  3. Integrating Center (located w/n Grey Matter)- sensory communicates with motor
  4. Motor Neuron (Efferent= Exit)
  5. Effector (ie: muscle or gland) gets fired/ activated ie: smoke in the room casues lacrimal gland to cause tears
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18
Q

Monosynpatic Relfex

A

Direct synapse between sensory and motor

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19
Q

Polysynaptic Relfex

A

Complex circuit with interneurons in the integration center ie: extension or withdrawal reflex

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20
Q

Interneuron

A

Carry out more sophisticated process- allows for branched networks- more communication

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21
Q

Number of cranial nerve pairs

A

12

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22
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Olfactory= smell (sensory)

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23
Q

II

A

Optic - Vision (sensory)

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24
Q

III

A

Oculormotor (Motor): movement of eyeball, pupil constriction

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25
Q

IV

A

Trochlear (motor)- downward/ lateral movement of eye

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26
Q

V

A

Trigeminal (Motor & Sensory)- Masetter Motor Movement & Sensory of Face

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27
Q

VI

A

Abducens (motor) movement of eyeball laterally

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28
Q

VII

A

Facial (sensory and motor): front part of the tongue (sensory) and facial movements (motor)

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29
Q

VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve- hearing & balance

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30
Q

IX

A

Glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor) - taste for posterior third of tongue AND swallowing

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31
Q

X

A

Vagus (sensory and motor)- visceral organ (stomach, intestine, urinary, heart, respiratory)

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32
Q

XI

A

Accessory Nerve (Motor)- back, neck, head, shoulders- shrug shoulders or turn neck

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33
Q

XII

A

Hypoglossal (motor)- movement of tongue

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34
Q

3 Main Part of Brain

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
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35
Q

Central Sulcus

A

separate frontal and parietal

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36
Q

Frontal Lobe Function

A

higher brain power (reasoning, logic, behavior, judge, prepare)

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37
Q

Parietal Lobe Function

A

Sensory

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38
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

temporal, frontal, parietal separated

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39
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separate parietal and occipital lobes

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40
Q

Fissures

A

Thicker/ Wider/ Deeper Grooves

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41
Q

Transverse Fissure

A

Separates Cerebrum and Cerebelum

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42
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

separate left and right hemispheres

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43
Q

Name these structures

A

A.Cingulate Gyrus

B.Corpus Callosum

C.Frontal Lobe

D.Thalamus

E.Anterior Commissure

F.Hypothalamus

G.Optic Chiasm

H.Pituitary Gland

I/J.Temporal Lobe

K.Midbrain

L.Pons

M.Medulla Oblongata

N. Central Sulcus

O.Parietal Lobe

P.Parieto-occipital Sulcus

Q.Occipital Lobe

R.Pineal Gland

S.Posterior Commissure

T.Cerebral Acqueduct

U.Fourth Ventricle

V.Cerebellum

  1. Lateral Ventricle
  2. Third Ventricle
  3. Fourth Ventricle

W.Choroid Process

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44
Q

Name these structures

A

L. I- Olfactory Nerve

F.II- Optic Nerve

N. III-Ocularmotor

M. IV- Trochlear Nerve

J/E/D.V- Trigeminal Nerve

G. VI-Abducens Nerve

K. VII- Facial Nerve

B. VIII.Vestibulolocochlear Nerve

I. IX.Glossopharyngeal Nerve

C. X. Vagus Nerve

H.XI- Accessory Nerve

A.XII.Hypoglossol Nerve

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45
Q

Structures found in third ventricle

A

Thalamus, Pineal Gland

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46
Q

CSF Function

A

Provides nutrients, oxygen, electrolytes to brain and spinal cord AND removes waste

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47
Q

CSF Flow in Ventricles

A

Flows downward through ventricles via cilia embedded in epidymal cells. Pressure differences also help assist in the flow of CSF

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48
Q

Pineal Gland Function

A

Produces Melatonin

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49
Q

Hypothalamus Function

A

Controller of the endocrine system

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50
Q

Cerebellum and Alcohol

A

Cerebellum is a responsible for balance of body and alcohol can distrupt its function

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51
Q

Brain Stem Parts

A
  1. midbrain
  2. Pons- largest part of brainstem
  3. Medulla Oblongata or Medulla
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52
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

Posterior bump of midbrain- involved in visual reflexes

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53
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Posterior bump of the midbrain- responsible for auditory reflexes

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54
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Capillaries within the ventricles

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55
Q

Cerebral Acueduct

A

Small channel between the 3rd and 4th ventricles

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56
Q

Central Canal

A

Travels down from brain to spinal cord

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57
Q

Cerebellum: Structure & Function

A

Structure: has striations/ white lines called arbor vitae (white matter- nerve fibers or axons)

Function: regulates or coordinates movement and balance

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58
Q

Accessory Structures of Eye Function

A

Protect and Assist the eye

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59
Q

Name these structures

A

A.Optic Nerve

B.Trochlea

C.Superior Oblique

D.Superior Rectus

E.Medial Rectus

F.Lateral Rectus

G.Inferior Oblique

H.Inferior Rectus

I.Superior Oblique

J.Superior Rectus

K.Inferior Rectus

L.Levator Palpebrae Superioris

M.Trochlear Nerve (IV)

N.Abducens Nerve(VI)

O. Oculomotor Nerve (III)

P.Superior Oblique Muscle

Q.Lateral Rectus Muscle

R. Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle

S.Superior Rectus Muscle

T.Medial Rectus Muscle

U.Inferior Rectus Muscle

V.Inferior Oblique Muscle

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60
Q

How to identidy which eye you’re looking at ?

A

See position of the nasal cavity (located medially)

61
Q

Eye Extrinsic Muscle Function

A

Movement of the eye

62
Q

Blinking Function

A

Lubricate the eye

63
Q

Rectus

A

Straight Muscle

64
Q

Oblique

A

Curved muscle will allow for two move simultaneously

65
Q

Abducts

A

Laterally

66
Q

Oculomotor Nerve Innervates what Muscles?

A
  • Levator Palpebrae Superioris: inserts into upper eyelid and allows for blinking
  • Superior Rectus: look straight up
  • Medial Rectus: look medial
  • Inferior Rectus: look straight down
  • Inferior Oblique: upward & laterally
67
Q

Levator Palpebrae Superioris Function

A

Inserts into upper eyelid and allows for blinking

68
Q

Superior Rectus Function

A

look straight up

69
Q

Medial Rectus Function

A

Look Medially

70
Q

Inferior Rectus Function

A

Look straight down

71
Q

Inferior Oblique Function

A

Upward & Laterally

72
Q

Trochlear Nerve Innervates which muscles ?

A

Superior Oblique: downward & laterally

73
Q

Superior Oblique Function

A

Downward & laterally

74
Q

Abducens Nerve Innervates Which Muscle ?

A

Lateral Rectus: Laterally or Outward

75
Q

Lateral Rectus Muscle Movement

A

Laterally or Outward

76
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus Function

A

Group/ unit of various small structures involved in producing and distributing tears

77
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus Step Process

A
  1. Lacrimal Gland – produce tears and flow on the surface of the eyeballs (it can because the eyeball is curved). Ton of production of tears will lead to flow on the outer corner of eye.
  2. Lacrimal Punctum: funnels that capture the tears
  3. Lacrimal Canals: canals or holes where the tears flow down
  4. Lacrimal Sac: captures and contains the tears. Transports down nasolacrimal duct.
  5. Nasolacrimal Duct: chamber that connects lacrimal sac to nose
78
Q

Name these structures

A

A.Frontal Bone

B.Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle

C.Orbicularis Oculi Muscle

D.Superior Rectus Muscle

E.Tarsal Plate

F.Tarsal Glands

G.Cornea

H.Conjunctiva

I.Lateral Rectus Muscle

J.Inferior Rectus Muscle

K.Lacrimal Gland

L.Ducts

M.Lacrimal Sac

N.Lacrimal Punctum

O.Lacrimal Canaliculus

P.Nasolacrimal Duct

Q.Inferior Meatus of Nasal Cavity

R.Nostril

79
Q

Lacrimal Caruncle Function

A

produces a whitish oil that lubricates eye during sleep . Will be crusty in the morning.

80
Q

Palpebral - what is this ?

A

Eyelids

81
Q

Orbicularis Oculi Muscle

A

Helps open and close eyelids quickly/ tightly- voluntary muscle . It also helps assist in faciliating flow of tears within the lacrimal apparatus

82
Q

Pupil Appearance

A

Looks black because inside of eye is dark

83
Q

Eyelash Function

A

Help protect eye from debris, light, etc

84
Q

Iris Structure & Function

A

Pigmented ; Smooth Muscles exist within that opens and closes the pupil.

Oculomotor Oculomotor nerve innervates the smooth muscles within the iris.

85
Q

Albinism Iris Color

A

People with albinism have an unpigmented eye- looks red because of blood vessel.

86
Q
A
87
Q

Drugs & Iris

A

Drugs can change the size of pupil

88
Q

Sclera Structure & Function

A

White of the eyes that contain shape of eye. Covered by thin mucous membrane

89
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Wet slimy membranes that covers part of sclera and inner eyelids that they protect the eyeballs.

Two parts: Ocular/ Bulbar Conjunctiva and Palpebral Conjuctiva

90
Q

Ocular/ Bulbar Conjunctiva

A

Covers anterior surface of eyeball. Infection can cause this area to be red

91
Q

Palpebral Conjunctiva

A

Lines the Inner surface of eyelids

92
Q

Name these structures ?

A

A.Eyebrow

B.Superior Palpebral Sulcus

C.Palpebral Fissure

D.Lacrimal Caruncle

E.Medial Commissure

F.Inferior Palpebral Sulcus

G.Pupil

H.Iris

I.Eyelashes

J.Lateral Commissure

K.Sclera

L.Tarsal Plate

93
Q

Name these structures

A

A.Sclera

B.Choroid

C.Retina

D.Macula Lutea

E.Fovea Centralis

F.Optic Disc (Blind Spot)

G.Optic Nerve

H.Central Artery & Vein of Retina

I.Ora Serrata

J.Cilliary Body

K.Suspensory Ligament

L.Iris

M.Cornea

N.Pupil

O.Lens

P.Anterior Chamber (Acqueous Humor)

Q.Posterior Chamber (Vitreous Humor)

R.Hyaloid Canal

S.Vitreous Body

94
Q

Sclera

A

White of eyeball that shapes eye

95
Q

Cornea

A

Anterior part of eye- protective layer

96
Q

Lens

A

Bi-convex transparent lens- refracts the incoming light, it – important so it can converge and land on retina- is bi-convex. Lens also seperates two different cavities.

97
Q

Anterior Cavity

A

Exists between lens and cornea; Filled with watery like fluid called Aqueous Humor or Fluid; helps maintain intraocular pressure.

98
Q

Posterior Cavity

A

Behind the lens; Filled with Vitreous Humor or Fluid – thicker like gel – helps maintain intraocular pressure.

99
Q

Iris

A

Middle layer- changes sizes to control the amount of light in – people that are albino will have no pigment and will appear red because of blood vessels

100
Q

Cilliary Body

A

Contains smooth muscle which pulls and changes shape of the lens

101
Q

Choroid

A

Gives eyeball structure and thickness (sclera is thicker, more resistant, and tough)

102
Q

Retina

A

Has photoreceptors that process what we see

103
Q

Macula Lutea

A

Small area on retina that gives clearest picture and vision of object you’re looking at

104
Q

Optic Disc

A

AKA Blind Spot

Area that consists of nerve fibers – does not have photoreceptors .. does not give us any visual perception

105
Q

Cavity vs Chamber

A

Cavity is larger and contains chambers

106
Q

What is intraocular pressure ?

A

Important to maintain shape of eyeball

Too much pressure: glaucoma  can lead to blindness

107
Q

Retina maginified appearance

A

Retina is multi-layered – looks like layered cake. Has photoreceptor cells (cones and rods) . these photoreceptors converge to form the optic nerve that will pass through the optic disc

108
Q

Eye Diagnostic Tests

A
  • Blind Spot Test- disruption of blind spot – can indicate damage of optic nerve or area of the retina or blood vessels, etc.
  • Opthalmoscope – used to look into someone’s eye
  • Snellen Chart – testing visual sharpness – chart with letters
  • Astigmatism Chart- testing for health/ shape/ curvature of lens or cornea. Stare at center of the chart and check for clarity of lines.
  • Ishihara Test- color blindness test
109
Q

Blind Spot Test

A

Disruption of blind spot – can indicate damage of optic nerve or area of the retina or blood vessels, etc.

110
Q

Opthalmoscope

A

used to look into someone’s eye

111
Q

Snellen Chart

A

Testing visual sharpness – chart with letters

112
Q

Astigatism Chart

A

Testing for health/ shape/ curvature of lens or cornea. Stare at center of the chart and check for clarity of lines.

113
Q

Ishihara Test

A

Color blindness test

114
Q

Ear main divisions

A
  • Outer or External
  • Middle
  • Inner
115
Q

Auricle/ Pinna

A

made of elastic cartilage- pulling will lead to recoiling

116
Q

Auditory Canal

A

AKA: External Auditory/ Acoustic Meatus

Glands within produce cerumen – lubricates canal, keeps moisture, debris, or bugs out

117
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

AKA Ear Drum

Vibrates & causes middle ear bones to move

118
Q

Tympanic Cavity

A

Pressure can build up here. There is a small canal that can relieve this pressure into the auditory or the eusatchian tube

119
Q

Auditory Tube

A

AKA: Pharyngotympanic, or Eustachian Tube

Feeds off the tympanic cavity ; communicates the middle ear with the throat

120
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A
  • Tiny bones of 3 types: malleus (club in shape), incus, stapes
    • Malleus (club in shape) attached to inner surface of the tympanic membrane and attaches to the incus
    • Incus (Wrench/ Hook shape)
    • Stapes (Fork in shape): base is ovular in shape that covers a window in the inner ear. It punches in and out of the oval window and causes fluid to flow
121
Q

Oval Window

A
  • Fluid in here flows as a response to movement of stapes
122
Q

Cochlea

A

inside sensory nerves with hair that detect movement of fluid to process hearing

123
Q

Semicircular Ducts or Canals

A

ring is shape – help sense balance. Gel inside help stimulate structures that establish balance.

124
Q

Vestibule

A

look like fibers- help sense balance

125
Q

Round Window

A

Surrounded by membrane- prevents pressure build up by acting like a valve

126
Q

What does the Vestibular Nerve Innervate ?

A

the vestibule and semicircular ducts

127
Q

What does the cochlear nerve innervate ?

A

cochlea

128
Q

Ear Diagnostic Tests

A
  • Rinne Test: tested with tuning fork and assess hearing quality or degree of deafness – put it on their mastoid process
  • Weber Test: tested with tuning fork and the middle top of head- test hearing and equality of both sides
129
Q

Balance Diagnostic Test

A
  • Romberg Test: close eyes, stand in certain position, and see if there are any response. A lot of swaying may mean you have some loss of balance & damage to structure in the inner ear OR the cerebellum- sense of the balance- sends nerve fibers to the vestibular apparatus
130
Q

Deafness

A

any loss of hearing

131
Q

Deafness Types

A
  1. Conduction Deafness
  2. Sensory Neural Deafness
132
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

problems that block sound waves into the inner ear OR damaged tympanic membrane (trauma, blasts, loud sounds can cause issues with membrane) OR damaged ossicles/ bones OR excess fluid or puss build up OR inflammation due to bacterial infection. Clogged ear canals (objects, ear wax, etc)- temporary and can be resolved

133
Q

Sensory Neural Deafness

A

more severe/ permanent and often can’t be resolved; damage to structures within the cochlea- infection, trauma, loud noise, etc. ie: nerves, receptors, etc. There are cochlea nerve implants

134
Q

What does touch rely on ?

A

sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and organ

135
Q

Touch Stimuli

A

Touch

Vibration

Chemicals

Stretching

Temperature

136
Q

Different types of touch receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors: touch, vibration, pressure, stretch
  2. Thermoreceptors: detect temperature changes
  3. Pain Receptors aka nocioreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors: perceives chemicals or cause irritation ie: alcohol, spice, etc .
137
Q

Gustation

A

sense of taste and can detect flavors

138
Q

Basic Flavors

A

Sweet

Sour

Bitter

Saltiness

Umami

139
Q

Pappilae

A

craters or bumps on tongue that contain clusters of taste buds

140
Q

Taste Buds

A

neural sensory cells that detect chemicals & send signals down nerve to brain

141
Q

Taste & Cranial Nerves

A

Facial Nerve (anterior 2/3) & glossopharyngeal Nerve (posterior third) innervates the tongue

142
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell , detects odorants in the root of the nasal cavity

143
Q

Olfactory Mucosa or epithelium

A

contain olfactory cells that have receptors that detect odorants

144
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

where all the axons of the olfactory nerve/ tract bundle

145
Q

Name these structures

A

A.Helix

B.Auricle

C.Tympanic Membrane

D.Auditory Canal

E.Lobule

F.Ossicles

G.Stapes

H.Incus

I.Malleus

J.Semicircular Ducts
K.Oval Window

L.Vestibular Nerve

M.Cochlear Nerve

N.Vestibule

O.Cochlea

P.Round Window

Q.Tympanic Cavity

R.Tensor Tympani Muscle

S.Auditory Tube

  1. Outer Ear
  2. Middle Ear
  3. Inner Ear
146
Q

Name these structures

A

A. Papillae

B.Papillae

C.Papillae

D.Papilla

  1. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
  2. Facial Nerve

E.Taste Pour

F.Taste Bud

G.Papillae

H.Taste Buds

I.Sensory Nerve Fibers

J.Taste Cell

K.Taste Pore

L. Tongue Epithelium

147
Q

Name this strucutre

A

Olfactory Mucosa

148
Q

Name these structures

A

A. White Matter

B.Grey Matter

C.Dorsal Horn

D.Dorsal Root Ganglion

E.Sensory Neuron (Afferent Nerve)

F.Sensory Receptor

G.Stimuli

H.Ventral Horn

I. Interneuron

J.Ventral Root

K.Motor Neuron (Efferent Nerve)

L.Effector

A&P1 (15 decks)

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