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Processes of Human Diseases 1 > Week 5: Stress and disease > Flashcards

Week 5: Stress and disease Flashcards

1
Q

Things that challenge our state of homeostasis require what mechanisms to kick in?

A

Allostatic mechanisms

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2
Q

Can stressors be external or internal

A

Can be either or

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3
Q

Hans Selye found that 3 Physiological Events that always occur with stimulus/stressor. What are these? and are their responses specific or nonspecific?

A
  1. Adrenal Cortex enlarges
  2. Thymus, spleen and lymph nodes shrink
  3. Bleeding ulcers develop in stomach and duodenum

All are nonspecific

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4
Q

What is General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? Who was it found by?

A
  • Found by Hand Selye
  • When homeostasis disrupted by psychological or environmental demands
  • Allostatic mechanisms in place return to homeostasis
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5
Q

General Adaptation Theory is also known as what?

A

Stress theory

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6
Q

3 Stages in GAS?

A

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

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7
Q

During the alarm stage, what senses stimulus from stress? What occurs in alarm stage?

A

Hypothalmus senses stimulus and starts GAS via activation of sympathetic nervous system.

  • fight or flight manifestations
  • secretion of epinephrine (Adrenal medulla)
  • secretion of glucocorticoids and responses
  • decreased resistance to stressors
  • increase sympathetic nervous system activity
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8
Q

What is activated in the resistance stage? What else happens in this stage?

A
  • Sympathetic nervous sytem and adrenal gland are fully activated
  • Once stressors are dealt with, all mechanisms return to normal
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9
Q

What are the normal mechanisms that return in the resistance stage?

A
  • Normal glucocorticoid secretion
  • Normal sympathetic nervous system activity
  • Normal epinephrine secretion (adrenal medulla)
  • Resolution of fight or flight manifestations
  • Increase resistance (Adaptation) to stressor
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10
Q

Exhaustion stage: When does it occur?

A
  • Occurs when body can’t return to homeostasis; all body resources have been utilized
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11
Q

Relate glucocorticoid secretion to exhaustion stage

A
  • Increased glucocorticoid secretion followed by significant drop in secretion
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12
Q

During the exhaustion stage, is there an increased or decreased resistance to stressor? What does this result in?

A
  • Loss of resistance to stressor, which can result in possible death of organism
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13
Q

What are 3 stress findings in the exhaustion stage?

A
  • Hypertrophy of adrenal glands
  • Atrophy of thymus and lymph nodes
  • Bleeding ulcers (stomach or duodenum)
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14
Q

Describe what HPA Axis is and steps

A
  • Hypothalamic-Pituitatory-Adrenal Axis
    Hypothalamus senses stressful stimulus in internal or external environment
    Then breaks off into 2 categories
    1a: Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone
    1b: Sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
    2a: Hypothalamus secretes cortocotropin releasing hormone
    2b: Anterior pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone
    2c: Adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol and aldosterone)
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15
Q

What are four neurohormonal mediators of stress and adaptation?

A

Catecholamines, adrenocortical steroids, endorphins and enkephalins, immune cytokines

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16
Q

What are the catecholamines? They play an integral role in what? They mediate what kind of response?

A
  • Norepinephrine and epinephrine
  • Play integral role in allostasis
  • Sympatho-adrenal system response mediates flight or fight response
17
Q

What are the adrenocortical steroids? These are critical to maintain what? What do they do in regards to the catecholamines?

A
  • Cortisol and aldosterone
  • Critical to maintenance of homeostasis
  • May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
18
Q

What are endorphins and enkephalins? What do they do they do in regards to pain threshold? What effects do they produce?

A
  • Endogenous opioids (body’s natural pain relivers)
  • Raise pain threshold; produce sedation and euphoria
19
Q

What are immune cytokines secreted by? What do they do?

A
  • Secreted by macrophages during stress response
  • Thus, enhancing immune system response
20
Q

Adaptation is a term often used interchangeably with what other term?

A

Coping

21
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins are also known as the body’s natural what?

A

Body’s natural pain killers

22
Q

Between aldosterone, epinephrine, cortisol and norepinephrine, which hormone does not increase blood glucose?

A

Aldosterone

23
Q

The effects of excessive cortisol production includes?
1. Inflammatory response
2. Anorexia
3. Immune suppresion
4. Hypoglycemia

A

Immune suppresion

24
Q

T or F:
Hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, lymphoid atrophy and stomach ulceration are features of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome?

A

True

25
Q

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except:
1. Pupil constriction
2. Increased peripheral resistance
3. Diaphoresis
4. Tachycardia

A

Pupil constriction

26
Q

Indicators that a person who is experiencing stress has achieved resistance includes:
1. Elevated levels of serum cortisol
2. HR returned to baseline
3. Sleepiness
4. Absence of catecholamine secretion

A
  1. Heart rate returned to baseline
27
Q

In which of Selye’s stages of stress response would a patient be if he or she were experiencing GI bleeding secondary to peptic ulcer disease?

A

Exhaustion

28
Q

Persistence of alarm stage may ultimately result in ____
1. Movement into resistance stage
2. Stress reduction
3. Exhaustion of sympathetic nervous system
4. Permanent damage and death

A
  1. Permanent damage and death
29
Q

Many of the responses to strss are attributed to activation of sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by:
1. ACTH
2. Norepinephrie
3. Glucagon
4. Cortisol

A

Norepinephrine

30
Q

Cortisol ___
1. Is released from anterior pituitary gland
2. Has an anabolic effect on somatic muscle
3. Promotes creation of glucose from amino acids
4. Increases lactate formation

A
  1. Promotes creation of glucose from amino acids
30
Q

Cortisol ___
1. Is released from anterior pituitary gland
2. Has an anabolic effect on somatic muscle
3. Promotes creation of glucose from amino acids
4. Increases lactate formation

A
  1. Promotes creation of glucose from amino acids

Processes of Human Diseases 1 (18 decks)

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