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Processes of Human Diseases 1 > Week 3: Immunity > Flashcards

Week 3: Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

1st Lymphoid Organs

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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2
Q

2nd Lymphoid Organs

A

Adenoids, tonsils, cervical nodes, thoracic duct, right subclavian vein, axillary nodes, spleen, peyer’s patches, inguinal nodes

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3
Q

Innate vs Adaptive Immunity

A

Innate: always there and ready to happen and happens quickly, but not efficient because its not specific
Adaptive: efficient because its very specific, but takes longer than innate to start

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4
Q

What cells are included in innate immunity?

A

Phagocytes, dendritic, complement, NK cells

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5
Q

Cells included in adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphocytes, antibodies, T lymphocytes, effector t cells

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6
Q

Types of adaptive immunity includes?

A

Humoral and cell-mediated immunity

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7
Q

What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity? What is the function of cell mediated immunity? Does this immunity involve intracellular or extracellular microbes

A

T Cells
Helper T cells: Activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes

Cytotoxic T cells: Kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection

Cells involved do not allow a hiding space for hiding. T lymphocites put microbes back out to be killed by phagocytes

  • Intracellular Microbes
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8
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Blocks infections and elinniates extracellular microbes

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9
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

Block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes,
Create antibodies

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10
Q

What do Helper T Lymphocytes do?

A

Activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes

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11
Q

What do Cytotoxic T lymphocytes do?

A

Kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infectio

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12
Q

What are antibodies? What are the different types of Antibodies?

A

An antibody/ immunoglobulin is a protein that is secreted by plasma cells in response to a specific foreign antigen

Types: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

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13
Q

What is IgG? Where are they found? What is their half life?

A

Predominant immunoglobulin (75-80%).
Found in intravascular (WBC, RBC) and interstitial fluids (Amino acids, sugars, fats) ; serum half-life is around 20 days

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14
Q

What is IgM? They make up how many % of immunoglobulins? What is their role? What is their half life?

A

Theyre huge and look like snowflakes.

  • Around 10% of immunoglobulin;
    -1st antibody to be produced in a primary immune response.
  • Hold into place so macrophages can eat them.
  • Half life is under a week
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15
Q

What are IgA’s? They are the main class of antibodies where? How long do they persist for?

A

Main class of antibodies in external secretions. (Salivam tears, breast milk)
Protects body’s mucosal surfaces from infection. Persists for only 5-8 days.

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16
Q

What are IgD’s? What is their half life? Their function is to help what?

A

main antibody on the surface of B cells; half-life ~ 3 days; function thought to be to help activate B cells, thus, b cells are ready to provide immune response

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17
Q

What are IgE’s? They bind to what? What is their half life? Their function initiates what?

A

LEAST abundant immunoglobulin
binds to mast cells and basophils after antigen exposure

half-life ~6 h in plasma
when bound to basophils/mast cells, the half-life is much longer (weeks to months)
Function: initiates inflammation & allergic reactions (type 1 hypersensitivity); immunity against parasitic worms

18
Q

What are hypersensitivity reactions? How many types are there? and what are they?

A

These are exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen.

Types:
I: Atopic, Anaphylactic
II: Cytotoxic
III: Immune Complex
IV: Delayed hypersensitivity

19
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions Type I. What antibodys is involved? What cells secrete them? They bind to what after?

A

Type 1: Atopic, Anapylactic

  • B cells recognize antigen and secrete IgE. Then IgE bind to mast cells and basophils, then once reexposed to same antigen allergic reaction is triggered and inflammatory process begings
20
Q

What are antigenic triggers of Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reactions?

A

Like allergies; bee sting, seafood, peanut proteins, drug allergies, etc.

21
Q

What antibody is involved in Hypersensitivity reaction I?

A

IgE

22
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction Type II

A

Cytotoxic

23
Q

What antibodies are included in hypersenstivity reaction II?

A

IgM, IgG.
- Bind to fixed antigen on surface of enemy cell, leading to cellular destruction (cell lysis)

24
Q

Examples of type II reactions?

A

ABO transfusion reaction, hemolytic disease of newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis), myasthenia gravis, thyroiditis, hyperacute graft rejection, & autoimmune hemolytic anemia

25
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of Hypersensitivity II reactions?

A

Occurs when cells in body are destroyed by antibodies
- opsonization leading to phagocytosis
- Complement-mediated lysis
- attack by NK cells

26
Q

Is Type II reaction immediate or prolonged?

A

Usually immediate (within 30 minutes of antigen exposure)

27
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction Type III

A

Immune Complex - It is an abnormal immune response

28
Q

What is the time course of reaction with Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Usually days because it takes time to produce antibodies

29
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Delayed hypersensitivity

30
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity examples

A

Contact dermatitis, graft- versus host disease, PPD

31
Q

3 Common Autoimmune Disorders?

A
  1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  2. Multilpe Sclerosis (MS)
  3. Hashioto’s thyroiditis/ lymphocytic thyroiditis
32
Q

What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A
  • Most common type of lupus
  • Immune system attacks its own tissues, causing inflammation and tissue damage in organs
33
Q

SLE can affect what parts of your body?

A

Joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels.

No cure, but can be controled

34
Q

What is multiple sclerosis? (MS)

A
  • Immune system attacks own tissues
  • Thus destroying fatty substances that coats and protects nerve fibers in brain and spina cord (myelin)
35
Q

Since Multiple Sclerosis destroys myelin, what occurs as a result?

A

Can include problems with vision, arm or leg movement, sensation or balance.

36
Q

What is hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

This is an autoimmune disease where it can cause your thyroid to not make enough thyroid hormones.

37
Q

Symptoms of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

A

Enlarged thyroid gland, tiredness, weight gain and muscle weakness

38
Q

What are the types of immunodeficiencies?

A

Type 1 (Primary) and Type 2 (Secondary)

39
Q

What hypersensitivity reactions are related to autoimmune disorders?

A

Type II (Cytotoxic) and Type III (Immune-complex)

40
Q

Secondary Immudeficiences examples

A

AIDS, Measles, cancer chemotherapy

Processes of Human Diseases 1 (18 decks)

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