Week 12: Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
Etiology and pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
Autoimmune
Pancreatic B cell destruction usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency
- Usually in children or younger adults
Clinical manifestations of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
weight loss
blurry vision
nocturia
ketouria
Etiology and pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Etiology: Complex and multifactorial
Pathogenesis: Peripheral insulin resistance (likely due to receptor and post receptor abnormality), impaired insulin secretion, and excess hepatic glucose production
What is diabetic ketoacidosis? It is present in what type of Diabetes?
Type 1:
Diabetic ketoacidosis
- DKA develops when your body doesn’t have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into your cells for use as energy
- Without insulin, body begins to breakdown fat in attempt to get energy it needs resulting in buildup of acids (liver turns fat into ketones, an acid)
- Body goes into shock and acid buildup may cause swelling in brain (life threatning)
Clinical Manifestations of T1DM with acute complications such as DKA?
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia with fatigue
N&V
Dehydration
ABD pain
Fruity smelling breath
Kussmaul’s respirations (type of hyperventilation)
Acute complications of T2 Diabetes?
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
Insulin deficiency induces hyperglucagonemia and hepatic glucose production
Characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolality, and dehydration without ketosis
Presence of small amount of insulin prevents the development of ketosis by inhibiting lipolysis
What are macro and microvascular complications in relation to diabetes?
Macrovascular: increased risk of
coronary artery disease (CAD)
ischemic stroke
peripheral arterial disease
Microvascular: increased risk of
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
What are the Thyroid hormones and what are they controlled by? What is the function of them?
T3 (triiodothyronine) & T4 (thyroxine) controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary.
- Metabolism regulation, normal growth and development of body tissues
What is hypothyroidism? What are the different types?
Congenital issue at birth or later in life
Primary: low levels of blood thyroid hormone due to destruction of the thyroid gland. This destruction is usually caused by autoimmunity or an intervention such as surgery, radioiodine, or radiation.
Secondary: decreased activity of the thyroid caused by failure of the pituitary gland.
What would be clinical findings when tested for hypothyroidism at a young age?
- Clinical manifestations not present at birth, but show in first few months
- Include: dull appearance, thick tongue that protrudes with thick lips (feeding difficulties)
What are clinical manifestatiosn of infants with hypothyroidism? What happens if this is left untreated?
- Prolonged jaundice
- Decrease muscle tone
- Bradycardia
- Mottled extremeties/umbilical hernia
- Hoarse cry
If dont replace thyroid hormone mental retardation will develop and delay growth and development of bones and puberty
Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism in adults
Low metabolism
Weakness
Lethargy
Intolerance to cold
Decrease appetite
Increase cholesterol
Skin dry and cold
Bradycardia
Weight gain
Goiter
Constipation
Depression
Etiology and pathogenesis of Hyperthyroidism
Hyperfunction of thyroid tissue such as T3 and T4 with formation of Grave’s disease
What is graves disease? What does it look like?
Buldging eyes, redness, retracting eyelids
Results in hyperthyroidism
What is graves disease? What does it look like?
Buldging eyes, redness, retracting eyelids
Results in hyperthyroidism
