Week 3: Inflammation Flashcards
Explain what the inflammatory process is
Nonspecific reaction, systemic or local of tissues and microcirculation
Inflammation is the movement of ___ and ____ from blood to tissues.
Fluid and leukocytes
Three purposes of inflammatory response
- Neutralize and eliminate pathogens
- Limit the spread of pathogens to other areas
- Prepare and allow for tissue repair
Five cardinal signs of inflammation?
PRISH
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Immobility (loss of function)
3. Swelling
5. Heat
Two types of inflammation
- Acute: short in duration, lasting 2 weeks or so
- Chronic: more diffuse and sustained, occurs over longer period may result in further damage
What happens to vascular permeability during inflammation? If cappilaries are “leaky” what occurs due to this?
There is increased vascular permeability because cells increase and there is more blood
This results in them being leaky, allowing more liquid and WBC to leave
What is the process of emigration with leukocytes?
- passage from the tissues to the blood and lymphatic vessels and from the vessels to the tissues
Injured tissue puts out selectins, and pre existing selectins on leukocytes bind to the tissue. This causes a stick and roll, where chemokine are then used to increase binding of the leukocytes (neutrophils) to integrins (found on leukocytes and tissue). The leukocytes then diapedesis through the capillary wall facilitated by the integrin attachment.
What is included in the process of emigration of leukocytes?
Chemotaxis, selectins, margination or pavementing, emigration or diapedesis
Role
Emigration of leukocytes: What is margination/ pavementing?
The migration of white blood cells (WBCs) toward the endothelium during blood flow and is relevant to the process of inflammation.
Emigration of leukocytes: What is emigration/ diapedesis?
Where WBC migrate across vanular blood vessel walls in cases of inflammation
Emigration of leukocytes: What is chemotaxis?
neutrophils and macrophages undergo chemical stimulus to go help where they are needed.
Emigration of leukocytes: What is selectins?
mediate leukocyte rolling, which serves to sufficiently reduce the velocity of leukocyte movement along endothelial cell to allow for firm adhesion
Chronic inflammation: what is granuloma and why does it occur?
A granuloma is a tiny cluster of white blood cells and other tissue that can be found in the lungs, head, skin or other parts of the body in some people.
- Granulomas are the body’s ways to try and contain infection and keep it from spreading
Is infection usually accompanied by inflammation?
Yes, but inflammation is not synonymous with infection
What are the factors/ mediators of the (production) of inflammation?
Tissue injury, vasoactive mediators, chemotatic factors
Name some vasoactive mediators. These all increase vasodilation and vascular permeability, thus inducing what?
Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, anaphylatoxins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factors, nitric oxide.
All increase vasodilation and vascular permeability, thus, edema.
Vasoactive mediators lead to ___ which then leads to ___
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability which then leads to edema
Tissue Injury factors
Trauma, ischemia, neoplasnm, infectious agent, foreign particle
Chemotactic factors
C5a, formylated peptides, chemokines, which leads to recruitment and stimulation of inflammatory cells then leading to acute or chronic inflammation.
What is cells are included in acute inflammation?
- PMN’s (Type of WBC)
- Platelets
- Mast cells (Type of WBC)
What cells are included in Chronic Inflammation?
- Macrophages
- Lymphocytes
- Plasma cells
What are exudates?
Mostly plasma, nutrients and proteins. (Become clotting proteins and help stabilize areas).
Function of inflammatory exudates (3)
- Transport system for leukocytes, antibodies and various other pro inflammatory mediators
- Dilution of toxins
- Transport system of nutrients to tissue for repair
