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Processes of Human Diseases 1 > Week 3: Inflammation > Flashcards

Week 3: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what the inflammatory process is

A

Nonspecific reaction, systemic or local of tissues and microcirculation

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2
Q

Inflammation is the movement of ___ and ____ from blood to tissues.

A

Fluid and leukocytes

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3
Q

Three purposes of inflammatory response

A
  1. Neutralize and eliminate pathogens
  2. Limit the spread of pathogens to other areas
  3. Prepare and allow for tissue repair
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4
Q

Five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

PRISH
1. Pain
2. Redness
3. Immobility (loss of function)
3. Swelling
5. Heat

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5
Q

Two types of inflammation

A
  1. Acute: short in duration, lasting 2 weeks or so
  2. Chronic: more diffuse and sustained, occurs over longer period may result in further damage
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6
Q

What happens to vascular permeability during inflammation? If cappilaries are “leaky” what occurs due to this?

A

There is increased vascular permeability because cells increase and there is more blood

This results in them being leaky, allowing more liquid and WBC to leave

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7
Q

What is the process of emigration with leukocytes?

A
  • passage from the tissues to the blood and lymphatic vessels and from the vessels to the tissues

Injured tissue puts out selectins, and pre existing selectins on leukocytes bind to the tissue. This causes a stick and roll, where chemokine are then used to increase binding of the leukocytes (neutrophils) to integrins (found on leukocytes and tissue). The leukocytes then diapedesis through the capillary wall facilitated by the integrin attachment.

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8
Q

What is included in the process of emigration of leukocytes?

A

Chemotaxis, selectins, margination or pavementing, emigration or diapedesis

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9
Q

Role

A
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10
Q

Emigration of leukocytes: What is margination/ pavementing?

A

The migration of white blood cells (WBCs) toward the endothelium during blood flow and is relevant to the process of inflammation.

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11
Q

Emigration of leukocytes: What is emigration/ diapedesis?

A

Where WBC migrate across vanular blood vessel walls in cases of inflammation

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12
Q

Emigration of leukocytes: What is chemotaxis?

A

neutrophils and macrophages undergo chemical stimulus to go help where they are needed.

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13
Q

Emigration of leukocytes: What is selectins?

A

mediate leukocyte rolling, which serves to sufficiently reduce the velocity of leukocyte movement along endothelial cell to allow for firm adhesion

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14
Q

Chronic inflammation: what is granuloma and why does it occur?

A

A granuloma is a tiny cluster of white blood cells and other tissue that can be found in the lungs, head, skin or other parts of the body in some people.
- Granulomas are the body’s ways to try and contain infection and keep it from spreading

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15
Q

Is infection usually accompanied by inflammation?

A

Yes, but inflammation is not synonymous with infection

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16
Q

What are the factors/ mediators of the (production) of inflammation?

A

Tissue injury, vasoactive mediators, chemotatic factors

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17
Q

Name some vasoactive mediators. These all increase vasodilation and vascular permeability, thus inducing what?

A

Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, anaphylatoxins, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factors, nitric oxide.

All increase vasodilation and vascular permeability, thus, edema.

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18
Q

Vasoactive mediators lead to ___ which then leads to ___

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability which then leads to edema

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19
Q

Tissue Injury factors

A

Trauma, ischemia, neoplasnm, infectious agent, foreign particle

20
Q

Chemotactic factors

A

C5a, formylated peptides, chemokines, which leads to recruitment and stimulation of inflammatory cells then leading to acute or chronic inflammation.

21
Q

What is cells are included in acute inflammation?

A
  • PMN’s (Type of WBC)
  • Platelets
  • Mast cells (Type of WBC)
22
Q

What cells are included in Chronic Inflammation?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
  • Plasma cells
23
Q

What are exudates?

A

Mostly plasma, nutrients and proteins. (Become clotting proteins and help stabilize areas).

24
Q

Function of inflammatory exudates (3)

A
  1. Transport system for leukocytes, antibodies and various other pro inflammatory mediators
  2. Dilution of toxins
  3. Transport system of nutrients to tissue for repair
25
Q

Serous exudate
Low or high protein count and why?

A

Watery (yellow)
Low protein count because of mild inflammation

26
Q

Serosanguinous

A

RBC’s thus appears pink

27
Q

Fibronous exudate

A

Thick and sticky, contains large amount of fibrin due to activation of coagulation system, indicates more severe form of tissue damage and resulting inflammation

28
Q

Purulent

A

Neutrophils predominate and usually indicates bacterial infection. This is the equivilance of pus.

29
Q

Abscess

A

Large pocket of purulent exudate; may need to remove/drain for tissue to heal.

30
Q

Supurative inflammation

A

Describes condition which purulent exudate is accompanied by significant liquefactive necrosis; The equivilance of pus

31
Q

Hemorrhagic exudate

A

Indicates severe tissue damage resulting inflammation

32
Q

Why does erythema (redness) occur in relation to inflammation

A

Vasodilation and increased blood flow

33
Q

Why is swelling a process of inflammation

A

Increased capillary permeability (more fluid entering extracellular space and exudates_

34
Q

What are diagnostic tests of inflammation?
Tests are supporting evidence and suggestive of tissue damage or injury

A
  • Elevated CRP (C-reactive protein)
    Elevated ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
    Serum isoenzymes
35
Q

Systemic Effects of Inflammation?

A

Fever, malaise , fatigue, headache, anorexia

36
Q

What is fever also known as

A

Pyrexia

37
Q

What are diagnostic tests of inflammation?
Tests are supporting evidence and suggestive of tissue damage or injury

A

Elevated CRP (C-reactive protein)
Elevated ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
Serum isoenzymes

38
Q

Explain elevated CRP test

A
  • Protein released by liver in response to macrophages)
    involved in opsonization of pathogens to promote phagocytosis.
  • Indicates inflammation because too much protein in blood
39
Q

Describe ESR test

A
  • measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains a blood sample. Normally, red blood cells settle relatively slowly. A faster-than-normal rate may indicate inflammation in the body.
  • more fibrinogen is produced during inflammation
  • causes erythrocytes to form sediment faster.
  • 0 to 22 mm/hr for men and 0 to 29 mm/hr for women.
40
Q

Diagnostic Tests of Inflammation includes serum isoenzymes. Describe serum isoenzymes

A

e.g., AST, ALT (elevated values may indicate liver inflammation)
e.g., Troponin-I (useful in diagnosing MI)

  • Detects liver disease
41
Q

Body’s normal defenses to inflamation

A

skin, mucous membranes, tears, wax, mucus, and stomach acid

42
Q

Healing by 1st intention vs 2nd intention

A

1st: Bottom up
2nd: Top down

43
Q

Vasoactive mediators lead to ___ which then leads to ___

A

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability which then leads to edema

44
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Increased WBC count

45
Q

What does high CRP (C-reactive protein) tests indicate? What is CRP released by?

A
  • Indicates acute inflammation
  • Released by liver in response to macrophages
  • Involved in opsonization of pathogens to promote phagocytosis
46
Q

What does elevated ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) Indicate?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Because fibrinogen levels are high
  • Causes erythrocites to form sediment faster
47
Q

Serum Isoenzymes: What do AST and ALT test for?

A

Some type of liver damage indicating inflammation

Processes of Human Diseases 1 (18 decks)

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