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Processes of Human Diseases 1 > Week 2: The Cell > Flashcards

Week 2: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaplasia? What may cause anaplasia?

A

Cells loss of ability to be specialized in nature and function as a specialized tissue, leading to unpredictability.
- Anaplasia is irreversible and diagnosis’ such as cancer are related to anaplasia

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2
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ or other tissue
- Ends up meaning that there is no longer function

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3
Q

What are causes of atrophy?

A

Disuse, loss of stimulation from such as hormones and nerves

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the SIZE of cells and their functional capacity

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5
Q

What causes hyperatrophy?

A
  • Anything that causes afterload/excessive use
    Ex; exercise, high blood pressure, growth hormone, testosterone, bodybuilders
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6
Q

Hyperplasia; what is it and the cause?

A

Increase in the NUMBER of cells
- causes includes hormonal stimulation (Growth Hormone)
- increased physiological demand
- chronic injury

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7
Q

Can hyperplasia and hypertrophy co-exist?
Where can hyperplasia not exist?

A

Yes, and muscle cells.

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8
Q

Examples of hyperplasia

A

Caluses

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9
Q

What are 4 types of differentiated tissues?

A
  1. Epithelia
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
    - Differentiate to become what they do to adapt to environment.
    - Inidivudal cell doesn’t change, offspring change
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10
Q

Describe epithelia tissue

A

integumentary system
lines visceral organs, glands, and blood vessels

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11
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

most common differentiated cell type
loose, dense, bone, adipose, blood
forms structural framework and ECM

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12
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
  • Elastic, exctieable
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13
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A
  • CNS, PNS and ANS
  • Elastic, exciteable
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14
Q

Metaplasia and example

A

The conversion of one diferentiated cell type to another

(Columnar to squamous)

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15
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue

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17
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer (malignant) cells

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18
Q

Anaplasia is a characteristic of ___?

A

Tumour tissue. In cancer we end up with a lot of anaplasia, cells lose orientation to each other and stop working together as unit.

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19
Q

Neoplasm

A

Autonomous growth of tissue that have escaped the normal restraints on cell proliferation, and exhibit degrees of anaplasia.
- When tumour starts to grow

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20
Q

5 Common cell responses to STRESS

A

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia

21
Q

What are 5 causes that lead to the INJURY of cells

A
  1. Ischemia and hypoxic injury
  2. Nutritional injury
  3. Infectious and immunologic injury
  4. Chemical injury
  5. Physical and mechanical injury
22
Q

Describe what occurs with Ischemia Cell Injury

A
  • Ischemia leads to hypoxia, accumulation of metabolic wastes and nutrient deprevation
  • low O2 to mitochondria results in low ATP
  • then affects sodium potassium pump.
  • sodium accumulates and pulls water in, thus hydropic swelling.
  • hydropic swelling causes increase on intracellular calcium thus disurption of mitochondria function
23
Q

Infectious and Immunological Injury to cells

A
  • T cells
  • Killer cells
24
Q

Chemical cell injuries

A
  • Poision, toxic, nutrients that block uptake of nurtrients, chemical spill
25
Q

Low blood supply from ischemia results in what?

A
  • Hypoxia, accumulation of metabolic wastes, nutrient deprivation
  • Low oxygen to mitochondria results in low ATP productions
26
Q

When low ATP happens in Ischemia injury, what has to make up for it?

A
  • Anaerobic respirations, leading to lactic acid accumulation “lactic acidosis”
27
Q

Hydropic Swelling

A
  • Acute, reversible increase in cell volume.
  • Accumulation of water due to incapacity of cells to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis
  • Can be caused by chemical and biological toxins, viral or bacterial infections, ischemia, excessive heat or cold
28
Q

Etiology (what causes) hydropic swelling?

A
  • chemical and biological toxins, viral or bacterial infections, ischemia, excessive heat or cold
29
Q

What is Intracellular Accumulation? It is a result of what? and When does it occur?

A
  • Substances that accumulate may be normal or abnormal, endogenous or exogenous, harmful or innocuous
  • results due to faulty metabolism or other pathological biochemical processes
  • fatty liver
  • occurs due to cell injury
30
Q

Reversible cell injury: First type of intracellular accumulation? Abnormal accumulation of this is conspicuous where?

A

Nutrients: fat, glycogen, vitamins and minerals are stored for later use.
- Abnormal accumulation of fat is most conspicuous in the liver. Chronic alcoholism results in “fatty liver” because of intrahepatic lipid metabolism is disturbed.
- Cholesterol, when stored in excess, is closely associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

31
Q

Reversible cell injury: Second type of intracellular accumulation?

A

Substances that cannot be metabolized:
(i) exogenous particles such as inhaled silica and carbon;
(ii) endogenous substrates that are not further processed because a key enzyme is missing (i.e. hereditary storage diseases)

32
Q

Reversible cell injury: Third type of intracellular accumulation

A

Intracellular accumulations of abnormal proteins:
Prion diseases comprise of a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by the accumulation of abnormally folded prion proteins
Neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein) characterize cortical neurons in Alzheimer disease

33
Q

What are ultrastructural features of reversible cellular injury?

A
  • Plasma membrane bleb
  • Increased cellular volume
  • Mitochondira swells
  • Disagregrated ribosomes
  • Dilated ER
34
Q

What is a plasma bleb? How do you get rid of it?

A

In cell biology, a bleb is a bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell, characterized by a spherical, bulky morphology.
- Get rid of liquid

35
Q

Irreversible cell injury: What is the most important cause of cell death? What are the two variants of cell “death”?

A
  • One of most important causes of cell death is ischemia
  • Two variants: necrosis, gangrene and apoptosis
36
Q

What is necrosis? Is it programmed or unprogrammed?

A
  • Results from exogenous (external) cell injury and is reflected in geographic areas of cell death
  • It is UNPROGRAMMED cell death
37
Q

Necrosis is characterized by what at the cellular level?

A
  • Cell and organelle swelling
  • ATP depletion
  • Increased plasma permeability
  • Release of various macromolecules
  • Eventually cell death
38
Q

What is cells response to necrosis?

A

Acute inflammation
- which may generate further cell injury

39
Q

What are the four types of tissue necrosis?

A

Coagulative, liquefactive, fat and caseous necrosis

40
Q

Coagulative (most common) type of necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative Necrosis
    - commonly caused by ischemic cell injury
    - end result is that cells lose their nucleus
    - activation of intra and extracellular lytic enzymes causes cell to disintegrate
41
Q

What is Liquefactive Necrosis?

A
  • Cells literally “dissolve” and turns tissue into viscous mass
  • Localized collection of acute inflammatory cells, generally in response to bacterial infection is formed
  • Result is an absess which is cavity formed by liquefactive necrosis in a solid tissue

Example; occurs in brain like after a stroke

42
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A
  • Specifically affects adipose tissue most commonly resulting from pancreatitis or trauma
  • Irregular, chalky white area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue

Ex; breast tissue

43
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A
  • Characteristic of tuberculosis
  • Necrotic cells fail to retain their cellular outlines
  • They do not however dissapear by lysis as in liquefactive necrosis
  • Cheese like in appearence
44
Q

What is gangrene (necrosis)? Typically results from what?

A
  • Cellular death of a large area of tissue
  • Typically results from ischemia
45
Q

What are the different types of gangrene?

A
  1. Dry gangrene: Form of coagulative necrosis blackened, dry, wrinkled
  2. Wet gangrene: form of liquefactive necrosis (internal organs)
  3. Gas gangrene: results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria, characterized by formation of gas bubbles
46
Q

What is apoptosis? Why is apoptosis required?

A
  • Programmed cell death
  • Apoptosis is required to dispose of infected cells as a defense against the dissemination of infection; to remove mutant cells
  • Prevents overpopulation
47
Q

True or false: There is no inflammaition in necrosis?

A

False.

  • There is inflammation in necrosis. But no inflammation in apoptosis
48
Q

Intrinsic / extrinsic triggers of apoptosis

A
  • Increased intracellular Ca2+ by causing irreversible mitochondiral injury
  • granzymes released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in response to infected cells kill these cells by triggering apoptosis
49
Q

What are ultrastructural features of reversible cellular injury?

A
  • Plasma membrane bleb
  • Increased cellular volume
  • Mitochondira swells
  • Disagregrated ribosomes
  • Dilated ER

Processes of Human Diseases 1 (18 decks)

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