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Processes of Human Diseases 1 > Week 2: The Cell > Flashcards

Week 2: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaplasia? What may cause anaplasia?

A

Cells loss of ability to be specialized in nature and function as a specialized tissue, leading to unpredictability.
- Anaplasia is irreversible and diagnosis’ such as cancer are related to anaplasia

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2
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ or other tissue
- Ends up meaning that there is no longer function

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3
Q

What are causes of atrophy?

A

Disuse, loss of stimulation from such as hormones and nerves

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the SIZE of cells and their functional capacity

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5
Q

What causes hyperatrophy?

A
  • Anything that causes afterload/excessive use
    Ex; exercise, high blood pressure, growth hormone, testosterone, bodybuilders
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6
Q

Hyperplasia; what is it and the cause?

A

Increase in the NUMBER of cells
- causes includes hormonal stimulation (Growth Hormone)
- increased physiological demand
- chronic injury

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7
Q

Can hyperplasia and hypertrophy co-exist?
Where can hyperplasia not exist?

A

Yes, and muscle cells.

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8
Q

Examples of hyperplasia

A

Caluses

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9
Q

What are 4 types of differentiated tissues?

A
  1. Epithelia
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
    - Differentiate to become what they do to adapt to environment.
    - Inidivudal cell doesn’t change, offspring change
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10
Q

Describe epithelia tissue

A

integumentary system
lines visceral organs, glands, and blood vessels

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11
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

most common differentiated cell type
loose, dense, bone, adipose, blood
forms structural framework and ECM

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12
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
  • Elastic, exctieable
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13
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A
  • CNS, PNS and ANS
  • Elastic, exciteable
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14
Q

Metaplasia and example

A

The conversion of one diferentiated cell type to another

(Columnar to squamous)

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15
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue

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17
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer (malignant) cells

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18
Q

Anaplasia is a characteristic of ___?

A

Tumour tissue. In cancer we end up with a lot of anaplasia, cells lose orientation to each other and stop working together as unit.

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19
Q

Neoplasm

A

Autonomous growth of tissue that have escaped the normal restraints on cell proliferation, and exhibit degrees of anaplasia.
- When tumour starts to grow

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20
Q

5 Common cell responses to STRESS

A

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia

21
Q

What are 5 causes that lead to the INJURY of cells

A
  1. Ischemia and hypoxic injury
  2. Nutritional injury
  3. Infectious and immunologic injury
  4. Chemical injury
  5. Physical and mechanical injury
22
Q

Describe what occurs with Ischemia Cell Injury

A
  • Ischemia leads to hypoxia, accumulation of metabolic wastes and nutrient deprevation
  • low O2 to mitochondria results in low ATP
  • then affects sodium potassium pump.
  • sodium accumulates and pulls water in, thus hydropic swelling.
  • hydropic swelling causes increase on intracellular calcium thus disurption of mitochondria function
23
Q

Infectious and Immunological Injury to cells

A
  • T cells
  • Killer cells
24
Q

Chemical cell injuries

A
  • Poision, toxic, nutrients that block uptake of nurtrients, chemical spill
25
Low blood supply from ischemia results in what?
- Hypoxia, accumulation of metabolic wastes, nutrient deprivation - Low oxygen to mitochondria results in low ATP productions
26
When low ATP happens in Ischemia injury, what has to make up for it?
- Anaerobic respirations, leading to lactic acid accumulation "lactic acidosis"
27
Hydropic Swelling
- Acute, reversible increase in cell volume. - Accumulation of water due to incapacity of cells to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis - Can be caused by chemical and biological toxins, viral or bacterial infections, ischemia, excessive heat or cold
28
Etiology (what causes) hydropic swelling?
- chemical and biological toxins, viral or bacterial infections, ischemia, excessive heat or cold
29
What is Intracellular Accumulation? It is a result of what? and When does it occur?
- Substances that accumulate may be normal or abnormal, endogenous or exogenous, harmful or innocuous - results due to faulty metabolism or other pathological biochemical processes - fatty liver - occurs due to cell injury
30
Reversible cell injury: First type of intracellular accumulation? Abnormal accumulation of this is conspicuous where?
Nutrients: fat, glycogen, vitamins and minerals are stored for later use. - Abnormal accumulation of fat is most conspicuous in the liver. Chronic alcoholism results in “fatty liver” because of intrahepatic lipid metabolism is disturbed. - Cholesterol, when stored in excess, is closely associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
31
Reversible cell injury: Second type of intracellular accumulation?
Substances that cannot be metabolized: (i) exogenous particles such as inhaled silica and carbon; (ii) endogenous substrates that are not further processed because a key enzyme is missing (i.e. hereditary storage diseases)
32
Reversible cell injury: Third type of intracellular accumulation
Intracellular accumulations of abnormal proteins: Prion diseases comprise of a group of neurodegenerative diseases caused by the accumulation of abnormally folded prion proteins Neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein) characterize cortical neurons in Alzheimer disease
33
What are ultrastructural features of reversible cellular injury?
- Plasma membrane bleb - Increased cellular volume - Mitochondira swells - Disagregrated ribosomes - Dilated ER
34
What is a plasma bleb? How do you get rid of it?
In cell biology, a bleb is a bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell, characterized by a spherical, bulky morphology. - Get rid of liquid
35
Irreversible cell injury: What is the most important cause of cell death? What are the two variants of cell "death"?
- One of most important causes of cell death is ischemia - Two variants: necrosis, gangrene and apoptosis
36
What is necrosis? Is it programmed or unprogrammed?
- Results from exogenous (external) cell injury and is reflected in geographic areas of cell death - It is UNPROGRAMMED cell death
37
Necrosis is characterized by what at the cellular level?
- Cell and organelle swelling - ATP depletion - Increased plasma permeability - Release of various macromolecules - Eventually cell death
38
What is cells response to necrosis?
Acute inflammation - which may generate further cell injury
39
What are the four types of tissue necrosis?
Coagulative, liquefactive, fat and caseous necrosis
40
Coagulative (most common) type of necrosis?
1. Coagulative Necrosis - commonly caused by ischemic cell injury - end result is that cells lose their nucleus - activation of intra and extracellular lytic enzymes causes cell to disintegrate
41
What is Liquefactive Necrosis?
- Cells literally "dissolve" and turns tissue into viscous mass - Localized collection of acute inflammatory cells, generally in response to bacterial infection is formed - Result is an absess which is cavity formed by liquefactive necrosis in a solid tissue Example; occurs in brain like after a stroke
42
What is fat necrosis?
- Specifically affects adipose tissue most commonly resulting from pancreatitis or trauma - Irregular, chalky white area embedded in otherwise normal adipose tissue Ex; breast tissue
43
What is caseous necrosis?
- Characteristic of tuberculosis - Necrotic cells fail to retain their cellular outlines - They do not however dissapear by lysis as in liquefactive necrosis - Cheese like in appearence
44
What is gangrene (necrosis)? Typically results from what?
- Cellular death of a large area of tissue - Typically results from ischemia
45
What are the different types of gangrene?
1. Dry gangrene: Form of coagulative necrosis blackened, dry, wrinkled 2. Wet gangrene: form of liquefactive necrosis (internal organs) 3. Gas gangrene: results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria, characterized by formation of gas bubbles
46
What is apoptosis? Why is apoptosis required?
- Programmed cell death - Apoptosis is required to dispose of infected cells as a defense against the dissemination of infection; to remove mutant cells - Prevents overpopulation
47
True or false: There is no inflammaition in necrosis?
False. - There is inflammation in necrosis. But no inflammation in apoptosis
48
Intrinsic / extrinsic triggers of apoptosis
- Increased intracellular Ca2+ by causing irreversible mitochondiral injury - granzymes released by cytotoxic T lymphocytes in response to infected cells kill these cells by triggering apoptosis
49
What are ultrastructural features of reversible cellular injury?
- Plasma membrane bleb - Increased cellular volume - Mitochondira swells - Disagregrated ribosomes - Dilated ER

Processes of Human Diseases 1 (18 decks)

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