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Processes of Human Diseases 1 > Week 4: Infections > Flashcards

Week 4: Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, Virus, Fungus, protozoa

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing organism

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3
Q

Non-pathogenic

A

Those bacteria who don’t cause diseases, part of normal flora of our bodies which are essential and beneficial

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4
Q

Bacteria are classified as __?

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

What microorganism has no nucleus or other membrane bound oraganelles?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

Bacteria divide by what?

A

Binary fission (don’t require another cell to reproduce)

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7
Q

Bacteria have a varied morphology, what are these shapes?

A

Bacilli: Rod-shaped organisms
Spirochetes: Include spiral forms and vibro
Cocci: spherical forms (diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci)

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8
Q

What does bacteria cell wall do?

A

Cell wall is rigid. Protects and provides specific shape.

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9
Q

Two different types of cell wall chemical composition?

A

Gram-positive
Gram-negative

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10
Q

Two types of toxins

A

Endotoxins and exotoxins

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11
Q

Exotoxins

A
  • proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria
  • most commonly gram POSITIVE. but can be gram negative
  • heat liable (60 degrees)
  • release toxins immediately
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12
Q

All exotoxins are secreted by what?

A

All secreted by outside bacteria and can have various effects and mode of action depending

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13
Q

Exotoxins can be destroyed how?

A

Rapidly at 60 degrees celcius

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14
Q

Examples of exotoxins

A

Tetanus, botulism, diptheria (diarrhea)

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15
Q

Do endotoxins come from gram negative or positive bacteria?

A

Gram negative bacteria

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16
Q

Endotoxins are released during ___ of bacteria?

A

Lysis

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17
Q

Inflammation causes vaso ___?

A

vasodilation. Thus, endotoxins produce inflammatory mediators.

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18
Q

Does shock cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

A

Sudden drop in blood pressure

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19
Q

Clinical manifestations of endotoxin bacteria

A
  • fever, shock (vasoactive properties)
  • sepsis by gram-negative rods
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20
Q

What are viruses?

A

Small, obligate intracellular parasites

21
Q

Do viruses have organgelles?

A

No

22
Q

Viruses contain either ___ or ____ in the nuceleocapsule?

A

RNA or DNA

23
Q

How do acute viral infections work?

A
  • virus attaches to receptor to gain entry into host cell
  • viral genetic material enters cell
  • viral genome hijacks cell machinery to replicate itself
  • new viruses are assembled in cytoplasm of cell
  • viruses released via apoptosis, budding to for enveloped viruses and exocytosis
24
Q

Are fungi eurokyratic or prokyratic? What does this mean?

A

Eukaryotic orgnanisms. Contains nucleus

25
Q

What microorganism contains nucleus?

A

Fungi

26
Q

Are many or few fungi pathogenic?

A

Few are pathogenic. Many just cause primary infection of skin or mucous membranes

27
Q

What is sporadic

A

Single individual

28
Q

What is endemic

A

Continuous transmission within a population

29
Q

What is epidemic

A

Higher than normal transmission or spread to new geographical area

30
Q

What is pandemic

A

Transmission has occured on most continents

31
Q

Mode of infections

A

Reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible victim

32
Q

Reservoir example

A

Human, animal, insect, soil

33
Q

Portal of exit example

A

Nasal mucosa, oral mucosa

34
Q

Mode of transmission example

A

Insect bite, nasal droplets, semen

35
Q

Portal of entry example

A

Nasal mucosa, oral mucosa, skin abrasion, skin puncture

36
Q

Susceptible victim example

A

Malnourished, unimmunized, immune compromised

37
Q

Development of Infection phases

A

Incubation, predromal, illness, decline, convalescence

38
Q

Incubation period

A

no signs or symptoms

39
Q

Prodromal period

A

vague, general symptoms

40
Q

Illness periop/ phase

A

Most severe signs and symptoms

41
Q

Decline period/ phase

A

declining signs and symptos

42
Q

Convalescence period/ phase

A

No signs or symptoms

43
Q

Signs of local infections

A

Swelling, erythema, pain and tenderness, lyphadenopathy, purulent exudate

44
Q

Signs of systemic infection

A

Fever, leukocytosis, elevated EsR and or CRP, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, headache and arthralgia (joint pain)

45
Q

What is a culture and sensitivity test?

A

Determines type of bacteria; what antibotic it is sensitive and resisteant too

46
Q

What blood test will indicate bacterial infections?

A

Leukocytosis will be high in WBCS

47
Q

What blood test will indicate a viral infection?

A

Leukopenia will be low in WBCs occasionally

48
Q

What does a blood test of high neutrophils indicate?

A

High neutrophillia with acute infection

49
Q

What does a blood test of high lymphocytes and monocytes indicate?

A

Chronic infection

Processes of Human Diseases 1 (18 decks)

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