Week 4: Infections

Question 1

What are the different types of microorganisms?

Answer 1

Bacteria, Virus, Fungus, protozoa

Question 2

Pathogen

Answer 2

Disease causing organism

Question 3

Non-pathogenic

Answer 3

Those bacteria who don’t cause diseases, part of normal flora of our bodies which are essential and beneficial

Question 4

Bacteria are classified as __?

Answer 4

Prokaryotes

Question 5

What microorganism has no nucleus or other membrane bound oraganelles?

Answer 5

Bacteria

Question 6

Bacteria divide by what?

Answer 6

Binary fission (don’t require another cell to reproduce)

Question 7

Bacteria have a varied morphology, what are these shapes?

Answer 7

Bacilli: Rod-shaped organisms
Spirochetes: Include spiral forms and vibro
Cocci: spherical forms (diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci)

Question 8

What does bacteria cell wall do?

Answer 8

Cell wall is rigid. Protects and provides specific shape.

Question 9

Two different types of cell wall chemical composition?

Answer 9

Gram-positive
Gram-negative

Question 10

Two types of toxins

Answer 10

Endotoxins and exotoxins

Question 11

Exotoxins

Answer 11

• proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria
• most commonly gram POSITIVE. but can be gram negative
• heat liable (60 degrees)
• release toxins immediately

Question 12

All exotoxins are secreted by what?

Answer 12

All secreted by outside bacteria and can have various effects and mode of action depending

Question 13

Exotoxins can be destroyed how?

Answer 13

Rapidly at 60 degrees celcius

Question 14

Examples of exotoxins

Answer 14

Tetanus, botulism, diptheria (diarrhea)

Question 15

Do endotoxins come from gram negative or positive bacteria?

Answer 15

Gram negative bacteria

Question 16

Endotoxins are released during ___ of bacteria?

Answer 16

Lysis

Question 17

Inflammation causes vaso ___?

Answer 17

vasodilation. Thus, endotoxins produce inflammatory mediators.

Question 18

Does shock cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?

Answer 18

Sudden drop in blood pressure

Question 19

Clinical manifestations of endotoxin bacteria

Answer 19

• fever, shock (vasoactive properties)
• sepsis by gram-negative rods

Question 20

What are viruses?

Answer 20

Small, obligate intracellular parasites

Question 21

Do viruses have organgelles?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Viruses contain either ___ or ____ in the nuceleocapsule?

Answer 22

RNA or DNA

Question 23

How do acute viral infections work?

Answer 23

• virus attaches to receptor to gain entry into host cell
• viral genetic material enters cell
• viral genome hijacks cell machinery to replicate itself
• new viruses are assembled in cytoplasm of cell
• viruses released via apoptosis, budding to for enveloped viruses and exocytosis

Question 24

Are fungi eurokyratic or prokyratic? What does this mean?

Answer 24

Eukaryotic orgnanisms. Contains nucleus

Question 25

What microorganism contains nucleus?

Answer 25

Fungi

Question 26

Are many or few fungi pathogenic?

Answer 26

Few are pathogenic. Many just cause primary infection of skin or mucous membranes

Question 27

What is sporadic

Answer 27

Single individual

Question 28

What is endemic

Answer 28

Continuous transmission within a population

Question 29

What is epidemic

Answer 29

Higher than normal transmission or spread to new geographical area

Question 30

What is pandemic

Answer 30

Transmission has occured on most continents

Question 31

Mode of infections

Answer 31

Reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible victim

Question 32

Reservoir example

Answer 32

Human, animal, insect, soil

Question 33

Portal of exit example

Answer 33

Nasal mucosa, oral mucosa

Question 34

Mode of transmission example

Answer 34

Insect bite, nasal droplets, semen

Question 35

Portal of entry example

Answer 35

Nasal mucosa, oral mucosa, skin abrasion, skin puncture

Question 36

Susceptible victim example

Answer 36

Malnourished, unimmunized, immune compromised

Question 37

Development of Infection phases

Answer 37

Incubation, predromal, illness, decline, convalescence

Question 38

Incubation period

Answer 38

no signs or symptoms

Question 39

Prodromal period

Answer 39

vague, general symptoms

Question 40

Illness periop/ phase

Answer 40

Most severe signs and symptoms

Question 41

Decline period/ phase

Answer 41

declining signs and symptos

Question 42

Convalescence period/ phase

Answer 42

No signs or symptoms

Question 43

Signs of local infections

Answer 43

Swelling, erythema, pain and tenderness, lyphadenopathy, purulent exudate

Question 44

Signs of systemic infection

Answer 44

Fever, leukocytosis, elevated EsR and or CRP, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, headache and arthralgia (joint pain)

Question 45

What is a culture and sensitivity test?

Answer 45

Determines type of bacteria; what antibotic it is sensitive and resisteant too

Question 46

What blood test will indicate bacterial infections?

Answer 46

Leukocytosis will be high in WBCS

Question 47

What blood test will indicate a viral infection?

Answer 47

Leukopenia will be low in WBCs occasionally

Question 48

What does a blood test of high neutrophils indicate?

Answer 48

High neutrophillia with acute infection

Question 49

What does a blood test of high lymphocytes and monocytes indicate?

Answer 49

Chronic infection