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Fall 2019: OPT 112 AHP > Week 5 Epithelium > Flashcards

Week 5 Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

Most common histological stain

A

H & E

Hematoxylin, a basic, cationic stain that stains acidic/basophillic structures blue/purple. Examples include nuclei, ribosomes, and DNA, rough Er.

Eosin is an acidic/anionic stain that stains basic/acidophilic structures pink.

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2
Q

Main qualities of epithelial tissues

A

Distinct polarity (apical and basilar domains)
Rapid renewal (epidermis: 15-30 days. Cornea: 7 days)
Typically avascular, which a vasculature supply nearby.
Functions as a barrier, protection, to absorb nutrients and secrete hormones, enzymes, and mucous.

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3
Q

Apical epithelium features- microvilli.

A

Small, not seen by a Light Microscope. They increase the surface area of the epithelium by 30x. They are specialized for absorption and the core contains actin filaments (contractile).

Seen in the brush border of the small intestine.

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4
Q

Apical epithelium features- cillia.

A

Long, motile structures that can be seen using a light microscope.
Formed from microtubule doublets and are ATP dependent motor proteins.
They propel surface mucous and fluids. They beat in rhythmic pattern and are found in the respiratory tract and female reproductive tract.

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5
Q

Basolateral cell features- cell junctions.

A
  1. Tight/occluding junctions
    -Zonular occludens (ZO)
  2. Zonular ahderens
    -Belt junctions. Adherent to actin cytoskeleton.
  3. Communicating junctions
    -Gap junctions, cell-cell communication
  4. Desmosome
    -Cell to cell junction with intermediate filaments
  5. Hemidesmosome
    -Cell to basal laminal junction
    Intermediate filaments
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6
Q

Basal epithelial features

A

Infoldings/invaginations. Increase surface area for ion transport + mitochondria.

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7
Q

Role of the basement membrane

A

Separates and anchors epithelium from the underlying connective tissue.

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8
Q

Structure of the basement membrane

A

Bi layered.
Basal lamina (outer lamina lucida, inner lamina densa)
Inner connective tissue like layer (lamina reticularis) ***Not actually connective tissue

Thickness depends on location, presence/abselce of disease.

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9
Q

Tight junctions

A

Most restrictive. Adhere cells together along the apical/luminal border, which forms an epithelial sheet and selective barrier.
Direct connection between adjacent cells, linked by actin cytoskeleton.
Facilitate boundary gradients across epithelial tissues
-Zonular adhering or belt junctions.

Bladder, intestine, secretory glands, cornea

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10
Q

Cadherins

A

A specialized form of an adheren.
A transmembrane protein that are linked to cell’s actin cytoskeleton Cadherins of one cell bind to the catherine of another cell. They are often continuous and form a belt around the cell.
Actin microfilament contraction can create cell membrane invaginations during development.

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11
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchor epithelial cells to one another. Bind identical catherine of adjacent cells. Plaques linked between cells are anchored to cytoplasmic intermediate filaments.

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12
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Anchor epithelia to the basal lamina.
Integrins bind to laminas of the basal lamina.
Linked to the intermediate filaments within the cytoplasm.

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13
Q

Types of simple epithelial tissue types

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified columnar

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14
Q

types of stratified epithelial tissues

A

Squamous Keratinized (SSK), Squamous non keratinized (SSNK), columnar, and cuboidal

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15
Q

Transitional epithelial types

A

Non-distended (not stretched) and distended (stretched)

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16
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of simple squamous

A

Flattened, single layer, tightly packed.
Rapid diffusion of gases or fluids through.
Lines blood and lymphatic vessel walls, pleural and abdominal cavities.
Found in kidney (nephron loop, bowman’s capsule), pulmonary alveoli.

Body cavity membranes: Mesothelium (pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum) **
Superficial lining of blood lymph endothelium conduits.

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17
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of simple cuboidal

A

Cube/polygon shaped single layer of cells.
Primary function: secretion and absorption.
Line ducts of smaller glands such as the kidney tubules, mammary glands, sweat gland ducts.

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18
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of simple columnar without cilia

A

Rectangular shape, single layer, variable in height, nuclei often aligned basally.
Primary function: absorption, secretion.
Lines much of Gi tract- stomach, intestines, and gall bladder.

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19
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of psuedostratified columnar

A

All cells rest on basal lamina with only some cells reaching the surface- nuclei are not aligned. Typically ciliated.
Primary function: Conduction, protection, secretion (goblet cells)
Lines much of the respiratory tract- nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi.

20
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of Stratified squamous non keratinized (SSNK)

A

Flattened superficial cells (with nuclei)

Examples include the cornea, mouth, esophagus and vagina

21
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of stratified squamous keratinized (SSK)

A

Flattened superficial cells (without nuclei). Basal layers mitotically active; cells migrate towards the surface and lose organelles before being shloffed off.
Examples include the epidermis of the skin.

22
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of stratified cuboidal

A

Layers of cube shaped cells. 2 layers indicate TRUE stratified cuboidal. (5-6 layers indicate transitional)
Primary function: absorption, secretion
Lining ducts of large glands, such as sweat glands and salivary glands.

*Simple cuboidal plays a bigger role.

23
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of stratified columnar

A

Layers of rectangular shaped cells. This is a rare, transitional tissue. Conjunctiva of the eye.

24
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of transitional epithelium

A

Found in urinary tract. Large dome shaped cells when bladder is empty, flattened when bladder is distended.

25
Q

Corneal endothelium

A

Single layer of flattened simple squamous cells.

Hexagonal to maximize surface area. Facilitate transport of nutrients into avascular cornea.

26
Q

Fuch’s dystrophy

A

More water is allowed though the simple squamous layer of the corneal endothelium into the cornea than should be. Forms guttatas.

27
Q

Cell shape, purpose and examples of simple columnar with cilia

A

Simple columnar + apical cilia.
Primary function: conduction, transportation, absorption.
Found in the female reproductive tract and bronchi/bronchioles.

28
Q

Goblet cells

A

Modified columnar epithelial cells that are unicellular. They synthesize and secrete mucous and are in the respiratory tract, ocular conj, and digestive tract. They serve a protective function from pathogens.

29
Q

Myoepithelium

A

Specialized single layer of cells. wraps around duct structure and has specialized contractile proteins to squeeze duct and force stuff out.

30
Q

RCE (recurrent corneal erosion)

A

Can be genetic due to epithelial basement membrane dystrophies, or trauma.
Poor adhesion of epithelium to basal lamina. Hard for cells to re-establish the layers since the epithelium cannot adhere.

31
Q

EBMD (epithelial basement membrane dystrophy)

A

Defective corneal epithelial basement membrane. Redundant BM, poor adherence of epithelium to underlying BM, abnormal cell migration, and cysts.

Irregular thickness, and fingerprint indicator.

32
Q

Treatment and options for RCE

A
  1. Lubricate often so that eyelid does not pull epithelium off when opening eyes. or bandage contact lens.
  2. Some sort of medication to relieve symptoms:
    - Steroids to get rid of inflammatory enzymes so layers can reform.
    - Hyperosmotics
33
Q

Glands originate from __ and what are they?

A

Derived from epithelial cells. They are invaginations into tissues.
Exocrine vs endocrine
Single cell glands vs multicellular glands

34
Q

Examples of single cell vs multicellular glands

A

Single cell- Goblet

Multi cell- Sudoriferous

35
Q

Exocrine vs endocrine

A

Exocrine- Secrete product into duct

Endocrine- Secrete product into blood vessel

36
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland

A

Endocrine gland with a follicle

37
Q

Characteristics of endocrine glands

A
  • No duct system
  • Multiple cell types
  • multiple secretions
  • release directly into blood stream
  • may act on distant targets
  • Thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pituitary, gonads, and pancreas
38
Q

Characteristics of exocrine glands

A
  • Usually act locally.
  • Some are unicellular (goblet) and some are multicellular.
  • —–Multicellular ducts are either simple (has 1 main area of secretion) or compound (multiple secretory units). Shape can be tubular, acing, or both (tubuloacinar).
39
Q

Types of secretions for exocrine glands

A 
Mucous
Serous (tears)
Seromucous (mucoid) 
Sebaceous (meibum) 
Sudoriferous (sweat)
40
Q

Another name for merocrine secretion

A

Eccrine

41
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Most common and least damaging to the cell. Involves exocytosis of vesicles

42
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Cell releases apical portion of cell and product. Usually lipid products. Breast and some sweat glands, thermoregulation and sexual attraction

43
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Disintegration of cells to release lipid products. Sebaceous glands mainly. Most destructive to cells.

44
Q

Where are holocene sebaceous glands

A

Usually associated with hair follicle, but can also be found independent. Produce sebum, waterproofing and lubrication.
Eyelids (meibomian glands)
Areola, labia, and vulva.

45
Q

Only cellular junction not located in the lateral region of the cell

A

Hemidesmosomes

Fall 2019: OPT 112 AHP (28 decks)

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