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Fall 2019: OPT 112 AHP > Auditory and Vestibular System > Flashcards

Auditory and Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

3 main divisions of the ear

A

Outer/External:

  1. Earlobe
  2. auditory canal through the external auditory meatus

Middle ear:

  1. Tympanic membrane/eardrum
  2. tympanic cavity
  3. ear ossicles,
  4. auditory/eustchian tube

Inner ear:

  1. Osseous/bony labyrinth: Cochlea, vestibule (utricle and saccule) and semicircular canals
  2. Membraneous labyrinth: Perilymph and endolymph
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2
Q

Other words for amplitude

A

Intensity, volume, loudness

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3
Q

what is amplitude/intensity and what is it measured in?

A

Difference in pressure between compressed and rarefied patches of air.
Measured in decibels (dB)

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4
Q

Amplitude in decibels

  1. Minimum detectable
  2. Whisper
  3. Normal voice
  4. Pain threshold
A
  1. 0 dB
  2. 30 dB
  3. 70 dB
  4. 125 dB
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5
Q

cycle

A

Distance between successive compressed patches/ amplitudes

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6
Q

Sound frequency/pitch

A

Number of cycles per second expressed in Hz

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7
Q

Human range of Hz

Most sensitive range of Hz

A

20-20,000Hz

1,000-4,000 Hz

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8
Q

Timbre

A

Mixture of multiple soundwaves/frequencies. Lots of sounds

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9
Q

External acoustic meatus. The outer 1/3 canal wall is ____ and the inner 2/3 wall (tympanic portion) is ___

A

Cartilage

Temporal bone

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10
Q

Wax secreting glands are called what and where are they found in the ear

A

They are called cerumen glands, found in the external acoustic meatus

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11
Q

The middle ear is located where in the skull

A

Within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

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12
Q

What is the importance of the auditory/eustachian/pharyngotympanic tube?

A

This tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. It is usually closed, to protect the middle ear from pressure fluctuations and loud sounds.

When it is open, it facilitates in equalizing air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. Opening the tube equalizes air pressure. Also allows mucous to flow from the middle ear to the nasopharynx, preventing an infection to travel into the inner ear.

The middle ear is slow to change pressure, causing distention of the ear drum, causing pain. Why you yawn/chew gum on airplanes to open up that tube and allow pressure to equalize.

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13
Q

Which tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

The auditory/eustachian/pharyngotympanic tube

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14
Q

Where are mastoid air cells located

A

In the mastoid process. Though to protect the ear and regulate pressure.
Do not want infection to travel here.

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15
Q

Characteristics of the tympanic membrane

A

Thin, fibrous CT with elastic fibers.
Concave external surface.
Center of the membrane is attached to the malleus.

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16
Q

Role of the ear ossicles

A

Transmit and enhances sound waves to the inner ear (cochlea) via the oval window

  1. Malleus (outer, attached to the tympanic membrane
  2. Inces
  3. Stapes attached to the oval window of the cochlea
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17
Q

Muscles of the ear ossicles

A
  1. Tensor tympani innervated by CN V3 (trigeminal -mandibular) is attached to the malleus
  2. Stapedius muscle innervated by CN VII (Facial) is attached to the stapes. Stapedius is the smallest muscle in the body.

They act to dampen propagation of sound waves once sound waves are no longer necessary to hear.

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18
Q

The chorda tympani of CN ___ passes through the middle ear on its way to innervate _____ and ____ glands.

A

CN VII passes through inner ear to synapse at the submandibular ganglion and innervate submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

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19
Q

In the brain, the hearing (cochlea) part of the ear is located ____ and the balance (semicircular) part is located ____

A

Hearing is more anterior medial

Balance is more posterior lateral

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20
Q

The bony labyrinth of the inner ear contains

A

The cochlea (auditory), vestibule (balance) and semicircular canals (balance)

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21
Q

The vestibule contains

A

The utricle and saccule

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22
Q

The inner ear/cochlea is wound how many times to form a spiral structure?

A

It is wound about 3 times

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23
Q

Which 3 ducts are founds within the cochlea spiral?

A
  1. Scala vestibule. Communicates with the oval window and contains perilymph.
  2. Cochlear duct. Contains spiral organ/organ of corti that has hair cells that elicit an electrical impulse when basilar membrane is displaced. Contains endolymph.
  3. Scala tympani. Continuous with the scala vestibule at the center/apex of the spiral, called the helicotrema. Terminates at the round window. Contains perilymph.
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24
Q

Where is the helicotrema located and what does it connect

A

Located at the apex/center of the cochlea spiral. Allows for communication between the scala vestibule and the scala tympani.

25
Q

Pathway from oval window to round window

A

Stapes pushes on the oval window- pushes perilymph into scala vestibuli- helicotrema- scala tympani- round window bulges out

26
Q

The basilar membrane separates the cochlear duct from the

A

Scala tympani

27
Q

The organ of corti is located where

A

Located in the cochlear duct, within the cochlea of the inner ear

28
Q

When there is a change in fluid pressure from the scala tympani, the basilar membrane moves. This causes the ____ to move in a specific direction to initiate electrical response.

A

The stereocilia/hair cells

29
Q

What initiates a depolarization in the ear?

A

K+ influx causes depolarization, resulting in a calcium influx and then release of glutamate

30
Q

The main NT for audition and balance

A

Glutamate

31
Q

Stereocilia are usually arranged in groups of ___

A

3 from short to tall

32
Q

How to the hair cells bend when there is an excitatory or inhibitory response?

A

Excitatory- bend towards the tallest hair cell

Inhibitory- bend towards the shortest hair cell, away from the tall hair cell.

33
Q

Which one moves and which one stays stationary? The basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane

A

The basilar membrane is moveable and the tectorial membrane is stationary. The tectorial membrane is what detects the hair cell movement.

34
Q

High frequency sound waves are detected where along the cochlea?

A

At the base (up to 20,000 Hz)

35
Q

Low frequency sound waves are detected where along the cochlea?

A

At the apex/center (200 Hz)

36
Q

Primary auditory area of the brain

A

Area 41 and 42 in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe.

41 and 42 send projection fibers to the higher processing areas in the parietal and frontal lobes.

37
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area and what does it play a role in

A

Located near 41 and 42 and in the temporal lobe.

Plays a role in understanding spoken language and interpreting sound.

38
Q

Where are receptors located in the semicircular canals

A

Located in the ampulla, embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula

39
Q

Cupula

A

Gelatinous structure that the hair cells of the semicircular canals are embedded in.

40
Q

Head turns to the right. How does this affect the hair cells within the semicircular canals?

A

Excitation of R lateral semi-circular canal

Inhibition of L lateral semi-circular canal

41
Q

Semi-circular canals detect which kind of movement?

A

Angular movement along the X, Y and Z axis.

- Horizontal, vertical, and transverse.

42
Q

The vestibule or otolith organs contains which two structures

A

The utricle and saccule

43
Q

The utricle and saccule of the vestibule contain hair cells that are oriented

A

Upright and perpendicular. 90 degrees apart

44
Q

Which chamber within the utricle and saccule contain the hair cells?

A

The macula. Each structure has a macula. Composed of hair cells that are in contact with otoliths- jelly fluid containing calcium carbonate crystals.

45
Q

Otoliths

A

Jelly like fluid within the utricle and saccule that contains calcium carbonate crystals.
Found within the macula of the vestibule structures.

46
Q

The vestibule structures detect which kind of movement?

A

Movement associated with gravity. Linear acceleration. Head it stationary, body is moving.

47
Q

Organ of static equilibrium

A

The macula of the vestibular (utricle and saccule)

48
Q

Sensory impulse from the vestibular system travels where before reaching the cerebellum for interpretation?

A

Sensory impulse travels on the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the pons and then cerebellum.

49
Q

Which portions of the vestibular system detects angular movement? which portion detects linear movement?

A

Angular- semi circular canals

Linear- Vestibular. Utricle and saccular.

50
Q

Where does the vestibular system project to? (Semicircular and vestibular)

A

Projects to the thalamus, EOM’s, cerebellum, and limbs

51
Q

Two main types of hearing loss

A

Conductive- due to damage to a structure. Ex: the tympanic membrane or ossicles. Or too much ear wax prevents conduction. Or age related hearing loss. usually can be fixed. use hearing aids.

Sensorineural- damage to the nerves. Use cochlear impacts.

52
Q

Tests to use to determine hearing loss:

A

Weber test and Rinne Test.

53
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss could be due to:

A

Age, exposure to high frequency noise, trauma, toxicity from medications such as ahminoglycosides, viral infection, autoimmune disease (lupus)

54
Q

Tinnitus

A

person perceives noises that aren’t actually there.
May indicate sensory hearing loss.
High pitch ringing

55
Q

Vertigo

A

Person perceives motion that isn’t actually there

56
Q

Which two aspects are the key to diagnosing vertigo?

A

Duration of episodes and association with hearing loss

57
Q

Peripheral vertigo symptoms

A
  • Onset is sudden

- Associated with tinnitus (ringing), hearing loss, and horizontal nystagmus

58
Q

Example of peripheral vertigo disease

A

Menieres. Over active depolarization due to too much potassium (K+) in the cochlear endolymph.

59
Q

Central vertigo symptoms

A

Usually due to a systemic disease, tumor, or autoimmune.
Onset is gradual with no associated auditory symptoms.
Usually more disabling.

Fall 2019: OPT 112 AHP (28 decks)

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