Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2019: OPT 112 AHP > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Do catecholamines have metabotropic or ionic receptors?

A

Metabotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Catecholamine neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes called

A

MAO Monoamine oxidase or catechol-o-methyltransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Catecholamines all contain

A

a catechol ring and an amine group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Epinephrine and NE bind to receptors called

A

Adrenergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

___ is a naturally occurring antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptos

A

Atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Characteristics of biogenic amines

A

Small, charged molecules that are synthesized from amino acids and contain an amino group R-NH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Disease associated with acetylcholine

A

Alzheimers. Many cholinergic neurons in the brain begin to degenerate. As a result, less ACh will be produced and language and cognitive abilities decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Serotonin is also known as

A

5-HT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Serotonin is produced by

A

Tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Serotonin effects usually have a slow onset, indicating that it is a

A

Neuromodulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Serotonin is located mostly where

A

Located mainly in the gut and PNS. Absent during sleep. Usually has an excitatory effect on pathways that control muscles and an inhibitor effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Histamine is derived from

A

Histadine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ is a serotonin reuptake inhibitor

A

Prozac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What AA neurotransmitter is excitatory?

Inhibitory?

A

Excitatory- glutamate

Inhibitory-Glycine and GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glutamate receptors are mainly

A

Ionotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glutamate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

A

AMPA & KA receptors are bound to the post synaptic membrane. Glutamate neurotransmitter binds to both channels. The channels becomes permeable to both Na+ and K+, but the larger entry of Na+ depolarizes the cell.

NMDA require the magnesium ion blocking the channel to be removed. To drive it out of the way, the membrane must be significantly depolarized. If it is, then the Mg2+ ion will leave and Ca2+ will enter the cell and start a second messenger cascade. This creates a long lasting increase in the sensitivity of the post synaptic neuron and might be involved in learning and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neurotransmitter that might be involved in learning and memory

A

Glutamate (excitatory AA neurotransmitter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

GABA other name

A

Gamma amino butyric acid. Type of inhibitory AA neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GABA is a modified form of

A

glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GABA receptors

A

Ionotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glycine receptor type

A

Ionotropic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neurulation

A

Ectoderm development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stage where embryo blast of the blastula differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast

A

Bilaminar disc stage and late stage of implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

zygote

A

1 cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

baby becomes a fetus at week ___ and is considered a fetus until birth around week __

A

9, 39

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does primitive streak arise

A

Week 3. Marks beginning of gastrulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neural crest cells can produce

A

Mesenchume –> connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ventricular/ ependymal/matrix cells in the ectoderm produced neural tube

A

Matrix layer in the neural canal proliferate into neuroblasts and glioblasts to become to ependymal layer in the ventricles and form the choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mantle intermediate layer of the neural tube

A

Formed from neuroblasts that migrate from the matrix layer and form the gray tissue of the spinal cord (neuron soma and dendrites)

30
Q

marginal layer of the neural tube

A

Forms the white matter, axons

31
Q

Notochordal mesoderm forms

A

The notochord

32
Q

Paraxial mesoderm gives rise to

A

Somites (segmental division of the body)

33
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to

A

Visceral mesoderm- epithelial lining of organs. Heart, blood vessels, muscles of organs.

parietal/somatic mesoderm- serious membrane of pleura. Lines the cavities.

34
Q

Structures created by the ectoderm

A

Sensory epithelium of the eyes, nose, and ears.
Skin, hair, nails.
Pituitary gland and subcutaneous glands

35
Q

Structures created by the mesoderm

A 
Connective tissue proper and special (cartilage, bone, blood, lymph) 
Muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
36
Q

Structures created by the endoderm

A

Lining of the respiratory and digestive tract
Stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines
Thyroid and parathyroid

37
Q

9+2 array

A

Microtubules- flagella and cilia

38
Q

9+0 array

A

Centrosomes (microtubule)

39
Q

Explain roles by synaptobrevin, Syntaxin, SNAP 25, and synaptotagmin

A

Synaptobrevin and synaptotagmin are proteins on the VESICLE.

Syntaxin and SNAP 25 (MBP) are on the pre synaptic membrane active zone.

Synaptobrevin holds onto syntaxin and SNAP 25 to dock the vesicle at the membrane. It cannot release its contents until Ca2+ binds to synaptotagmin. This gives the OK.

40
Q

Neuroactive peptides

A

Endothelial NOS
Neuronal NOS
Inducible NOS

41
Q

Albumin

A

Protein made by your liver that helps keep fluid in your blood stream so it doesn’t leak into other tissues. It carries various substances throughout the body including hormones, vitamins and enzymes.

If albumin exits the vasculature, liquid will follow, creating edema in body cavities

42
Q

Proteins are not found in the ____

A

Interstitial fluid. It is found in the plasma and intracellular fluid.

If proteins, such as albumin are found in the interstitial fluid, that means that liquid will exit the bloodstream to follow and cause edema.

43
Q

Cl- levels are high in the

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

44
Q

What membrane is between the plasma (intravascular) and interstitial fluid?

A

Capillaries

45
Q

Tight junctions

A

Water-tight seal between two cells. prevents fluids from leaking through. Example: urine from leaking out of bladder.

46
Q

Gap junctions

A

Channels between cells that allow the transport of ions, nutrients, and other substances that enable cells to communicate.

47
Q

Ocular disease associated with Aquaporin abnormalities

A

NMO- neuromyelitis optica. (Devics disease).

Optic nerve and spinal cord demyelination. Distinct brain lesions to ventricle that are different from MS.
Antibodies target AQP4 specifically in ventricle. Ventricles have high AQP4 because they make CSF.

MS can be anywhere in the body, but NMO is seen mostly on optic nerve and spinal cord.

48
Q

What cell were aquaporins discovered in and by who?

A

Red blood cell.

Peter Agre discovered in 1988. Got Nobel prize in 2003.

Benga’s group discovered the channel in 1985, but was overlooked.

49
Q

CSF is produced where

A

In the choroid plexus. Sent o ventricles, subarachnoid space, canals, and then drain into spinal cord along superior sagittal sinus.

50
Q

Where are aquaporins found in the eye?

A

Cornea, lens, iris, retina, conjunctiva

51
Q

How can aquapaporin disfunction cause diabetes insidious

A

AQP 2 disfunction results in an imbalance of fluid in the body.

52
Q

AQP and glaucoma

A

AQPs form blood perfusates- take ions and proteins from blood and make something of it.

Aqueous humor is a blood perfusate (so is CSF). If aquaporins produce too much aqueous humor = glaucoma

53
Q

Mature vs immature dendritic spines

A

Mature- short and fat

Immature- skinny and tall

54
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Increase surface area on dendrites. The more spines= the less likely you are to get dementia.

55
Q

Neurotransmitter criteria

A

Must be made in the nerve
Stimulation results in postsynaptic response
Can be mimicked
There must be a mechanism to remove neurotransmitter from synapse

56
Q

Quantal release

A

Always the same amount of neurotransmitter released in vesicles each time.

57
Q

Neuronal curcuits

A
  1. Diverging
  2. Converging
  3. Reverberating. Circle
  4. Paralell-after-discharge. Single cell stimulates a group of cells that all stimulate a common postsynaptic cell.
58
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disease that results in the decline of muscle strength. Body produces antibodies against the ACh receptor.

Frequently results in diplopia (double vision) and ptosis ( drooping/falling of upper lid.)

neostigmine is the medication used to treat this.

59
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disease results in the loss of transmission. Body produces antibodies against myelin basic protein found in neurons.

60
Q

Clostridium tetani (tetanus toxin)

A

prevents vesicle fusion with the membrane, inhibiting neurotransmitter release. Causes increased muscle contraction.

61
Q

Examples of diseases that affect synaptic mechanisms

A

Tetanus toxin by clostridium retain
Bacilli toxin, botulism by costridium botulinum. Interferes with actions of SNARE proteins at excitatory synapses that activate muscles. Characterized by muscle paralysis.

62
Q

Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory: Glutamate, ACh, and aspartate (decreases post synaptic potential)
Inhibitory: GABA, glycine (raises or stabilizes post synaptic potential)

Peptides are modulatory

63
Q

Precursor to ACh

A

Acetyl coa + Chline

64
Q

Nicotinic receptors are blocked by

A

Curare, hexamethonium

65
Q

Nicotinic receptors- excitatory or inhibitory?

A

ACh can bind, resulting in ESPS

66
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Involves the loss of dopamine-releasing neurons. Involves persistent tremors, head nodding and forward bent walking posture. Treated with L-dopa and also with deprenyl, which prevents the breakdown of L-dopa.

67
Q

Serotonin functions

A

Regulates sleep and emotions
Vomiting reflex
Vascular smooth muscle cell contraction

68
Q

Most abundant type of neurotransmitters

A

Amino acids. Ex: Glutamate and aspartate are both excitatory.

69
Q

GABA is created from ___ by ___

A

Glutamate by glutamate decarboxylase

70
Q

Benzodiazepine (valium) works on what inhibitory receptor?

A

GABA. This activates GABA and prevents depolarization. Helps sleep and anti-anxiety.

71
Q

Glycine is blocked by

A

Strychnine

Fall 2019: OPT 112 AHP (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions