Blood and Lymphatics Flashcards
What components make up the blood? (big picture)
55% is plasma
45% are cells (44% erythrocytes and 1% leukocytes)
Components of the plasma
90% water 8% proteins -Mostly albumin and some globulins. 5% fibrinogen. 0.1-1% of salts, lipids, and sugars.
How many liters of blood in males and females
4-5 in females
5-6 in males
males also have higher levels of RBCs and hemoglobin
Where are RBCs formed and what do they produce?
And their properties
Formed by reticulocytes in the bone marrow (epiphysis)
Produces hemoglobin with the bone marrow.
Properties: anuclear biconcave Highly deformable 120 day life span
Phagocytized in the spleen
Where are RBCs phagocytized
Spleen after 120 day life span
RBC disorders
Anemia- low cell count due to vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or Vitamin B9 (folic aid) deficiency or iron deficiency
Sickle cell- malformed RBCs due to gene mutation
What two vitamins are needed for DNA synthesis, so reproduction of all body cells can occur?
Vitamin B12- cobalamine
Vitamin B9- folic acid
What is required for hemoglobin synthesis
iron for heme group
Are their more granulocytes or agranulocytes in the blood?
There is only 1% of white blood cells in the blood.
Of the 1%, 65% are granulocytes (with the most being neutrophils, then eosinophils, then basophils) and 35% are agranulocytes (with the most being lymphocytes, and then monocytes)
What dye colors neutrophils
Neutrophils absorb both E and H, resulting in a light purple color when stained (mix of hot pink and violet)
H and E
Hematoxylin is a basic stain that stains acidic structures or basophilic structures. Stains dark purple.
Eosin is an acidic stain that stains basic structures of acidophilic structures. Stains pink.
Eosin dye stains eosinophils which color
Pink
Hematoxylin dye stains basophils which color
Dark purple, so dark that you can hardly see the nucleus
Which cells are classified as polymorphonuclear? PMN
Neutrophils
Group of WBCs that are considered mononuclear
Agranulocytes- Monocytes(macrophage, dendritic cell, and osteoclast precursor) and lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells)
Which cells can differentiate into osteoclast
Monocytes
Which WBC has a huge nucleus
Lymphocytes. B, T, and NK cells
Phagocytic WBCs
Mast cells, neutrophil, macrophage, dendritic cell
Progenitor cells
Pleuripotent stem cell
- Common myeloid progenitor
- Reticulocyte, megakaryocyte, and myeloblast
- common lymphoid progenitor
- Large granular lymphocytes and small lymphocytes
Reticulocyte is a progenitor cell of
Erythrocytes
Megakaryocyte is a progenitor cell of
Thrombocytes
Myeloblasts are progenitor cells of
Basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, and monocytes (which are also progenitor cells)
Monocytes are progenitor cells of
Macrophages, Dendritic cells and osteoclasts
Common lymphoid is a progenitor cell of
Large granular lymphocyte and small lymphocytes (both progenitors)
Large granular lymphocyte is a progenitor cell of
NK cells
Small lymphocytes is a progenitor cell of
T cells
B cells
-plasma cells
Role of neutrophil PMN
Multi-lobed.
It is the most common WBC in the blood. It circulates, plays a big role in acute inflammation and phagocytosis. First on the scene.
Role of eosinophil
Bi-lobed.
Immune modulation, allergy, asthma, parasites.
(Neutrophil is more common, but basophil is less common comparatively)
Role of basophils
Bi-lobed
Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis and graft rejection. Least encountered in the blood.
Rank the WBCs from most common to least common
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
Hemostasis refers to
The stoppage of bleeding
The bodys hemostatic mechanisms are more effective where
In smaller blood vessels
Following injury to a vessel, three steps occur in hemostasis.
Blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation and blood coagulation
What occurs during the platelet plug formation?
Platelets stick to the exposed edges of damaged blood vessels, forming a net with spiny processes protruding from their membranes.
Helps control blood loss.
Most effective in small vessels.
_____ is the most effective means of hemostasis
Blood coagulation. It occurs because of a cascade of reactions.
The major event in blood clot formation is
The conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin by thrombin factor IIA.
Hemophillia
Term for any of several X linked diseases where one or more clotting factors is missing or nonfunctional
Extrinsic vs intrinsic clotting
Extrinsic- Factors needed for clotting are outside blood in the body. Injury is inside the body.
Intrinsic- Blood on table or glass slide. All clotting factors are found inside the blood.
How is prothrombin converted to fibrin?
Prothrombin + Ca2+ —– >thrombin + Ca2+ + fibrinogen —–> fibrin = blood clot formation
Type A blood
Has A antigens on RBC’s and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. If B blood enters blood stream, it has antigens for B on its surface.
In plasma of type A blood, anti bodies at B will target them and agglutinate.
Can accept A or O
Type O
Universal donor, but can only accept blood from other type O’s.
Does not have any surface antigens.
Because it has anti B and anti A antibodies in the plasma. (when centrifuged, the anti A/B antibodies from the plasma is removed and can be used for transfusion)
Type AB
Does not have any anti A or anti B antibodies in the blood. If any foreign blood enters the body, the blood will not detect it.
Rarest.
Type B
Can accept type B or O blood.
Expresses B antigens on its surface
Has antibodies for type A in the blood.
Rh Factor
If you are Rh- and get Rh+ blood, the person will develop antibodies for the Rh factor.
If you are Rh+, you can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood without any issues.
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Mother is Rh negative, father is Rh + and the baby is Rh+
First exposure? no big deal. Antibodies are produced, but are waiting til second exposure.
Second exposure? Antibodies are ready to go and attach fetus.
Macrocirculation vs microcirculation
Macro- Arteries and veins to organs
Micro- Arterioles, capillaries and venues within organs.
4 main components of the cardiovascular system
Heart
Macrocirculation
Microcirculation
Lymph vessels
Two circuit system
Primary circulation- blood from the heart ejected to peripheral parts of the body. Everywhere else other than pulmonary or portal.
Parallel shunt circulation-
- Pulmonary (heart to pulmonary artery carrying deoxygenated blood to lungs to veins carrying oxygenated blood)
- Portal circulation. Travels to liver through portal vein.
Tunic intima (Interna) contains which 3 layers
Innermost lining of blood vessels made of (inner to outer)
- Endothelium (inner)
- Basal lamina
- Internal elastic lamina (outer) Helps reduce lumen diameter of blood vessel.
Tunica media contains which 2 layers with which 3 components?
- Mostly smooth muscle with some elastic tissue (internal)
2. External elastic lamina
Tunic adventitia (externally) contains which layers
contains loose/areolar connective tissue
Blood vessels, that are called vasa vasorum, will run through this external tissue to supply the outer layer of the blood vessel.
Can find adipose tissue here as well.
3 overall layers of the blood vessels
Tunic intima, media, and adventita
Vasa vasorum
Blood vessels that supply external layer (tunic adventitia) of blood vessels.
Examples of elastic arteries
Aorta, common carotid
Muscular arteries
Relatively muscular tunica media fibers with few elastic fibers.
Prominent internal and external elastic lamina.
Group of major arteries that branch off the descending aorta- splenic, renal, mesenteric.
How can arterioles increase blood flow up to 400% ?
Smooth muscle
Aneurysms big picture
Weak blood vessel wall. could be caused be genetics, high blood pressure.
2 types- fusiform or saccular
Fusiform aneurysm
Wall swells 360 degrees around vessels. Common areas include sinus or sending aorta.
Seen often in Ehlers- Danolos and Marfans. (connective tissue disorders)
Saccular aneurysm
Only 1 portion of the wall is weakened. Ballooning of a blood vessel. Referred to as “berry aneurysms”.
Seen in the brain, cavernous sinus.
Aortic dissections- what causes it and what are the predisposing factors
Split between the tunica intima layer and the tunica media and the space is filled with blood.
Predisposing factors- Men, older age, hypertension, atherosclerosis, illicit drug use.
Two types of aortic dissections
Type A- Where the split is it forms the ascending aorta and arch. Highest hydrostatic pressure in the entire body. Major medical emergency. Surgical intervention. 75% of all dissections.
Type B- Mostly managed medically Ex: lower blood pressure. Split occurs in the descending aorta.
Where are valves found
In veins. Ex: Getting blood back to the heart against gravity. Legs. Will see one way valves. Valves are not seen in veins above heart.
Differences between venules, muscular venules, and large veins
Venules- Smallest. Endothelium surrounded by pericytes.
Muscular venules- Contains valves except those above heart.
Large veins- Most elastic tissue and smooth muscle of all veins. Thick tunica adventitia (outer)
3 types of capillaries
Continuous capillary
Fenestrated
Discontinuous (sinusoids)
Continuous capillaries
- Structure
- Location
Both endothelium and basal lamina are continuous
Highly selective permeability
Ex: blood brain barrier, subdermis (under skin)
Fenestrated capillaries
- Structure
- Location
Basal lamina is continuous, with a fenestrated endothelium.
Ex: Kidney, gut. Only small particles can pass through.
Discontinuous capillaries (sinusoids)
- Structure
- Location
Both layers, the endothelium and basal lamina, are discontinuous.
Permits generous exchange of RBC”s and WBC’s and some serum proteins.
Ex: Liver, spleen, BM
When arterioles are traveling through capillaries to venules, approximately ___% is reabsorbed back into blood circulation and __% remains in the lymphatics as lymph
90%
10%
Lymphatic system runs __ to __
Parallel to venous system
Where does the lymphatic system originate
With blood vessels in capillary regions.
Role of lymphatic system
Collects extracellular fluid that accumulates and returns fluid to venous system via lymphatic vessels.
Lymph nodes are interspersed.
Valves required below heart and fluid is usually returned to vena cava.
Are lymph capillaries smaller or larger than blood capillaries?
Lymph capillaries are larger than blood capillaries.
What 2 ducts in the body return lymph to the circulatory system?
The thoracic duct returns the majority of the lymph back to the heart. All of the left side of the body, and the right side of the body below the diaphragm.
The right lymphatic duct returns lymph from the right side of the body above the diaphragm.
Structural regions of the lymph node
Cortex- peripheral. (B cell region)
Paracortex- middle. (T cell region)
Medulla- center (plasma cell region)
Structural regions of the lymph node
Cortex- peripheral. (B cell region)
Paracortex- middle. (T cell region)
Medulla- center (plasma cell region)
Germinal centers (follicles) of the lymph node
This is in the cortex, which is where antigens interact with immune cells.
T-lymphocyte region
In the paracortex between and below the secondary follicles.
High endothelial venules that facilitate extravasation of lymphocytes.
Elephantiasis
Lymph restriction resulting in infection
Proteus syndrome
Elephant man. Proliferation of tissues- skin, bone, fat and lymphatics.
Leukemia
- origin
- cell type
- location
- Types
Origin: Bone marrow
Cell type: Myeloid or lymphoid
Location: circulating in blood
Types: AML, ALL, CML, CLL
Lymphoma
- Origin
- Cell type
- Characteristic
- Types
Origin: lymph node
Cell type: Lymphoid
Characteristic: Solid tumor
Types: Hodgkin, non-hodgkin
Myeloma
Origin: bone marrow
Cell type: Plasma cells
Location: Bone marrow
Reed Sternberg cells
Characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma. Large cell seen in the lymph node.
