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Cardiovascular > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic, stable angina?

A

Fixed stenosis

Demand led ischaemia

Predictable

Safe

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2
Q

What is an acute coronary syndrome?

A

Any acute presentation of coronary artery disease

Dynamic stenosis

Supply led ischaemia

Unpredictable

Dangerous

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3
Q

In the platelet cascade, how are activators such as ADP released?

A

Degranulation

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4
Q

What is the first line investigation ordered in a patient with a suspected heart attack?

A

ECG

Check for ST elevation, T wave inversion and Q waves

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5
Q

What leads show an inferior MI?

A

II
III
AVF

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6
Q

What leads show an anterior MI?

A

V1-V6

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7
Q

What leads show an anteroseptal MI?

A

V1-V4

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8
Q

What leads show an anterolateral MI?

A

I
AVL
V1-V6

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9
Q

What investigations should be ordered in a suspected MI?

A

ECG
Cardiac enzymes - Creatinine kinase

Protein marker - troponin

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10
Q

What is the treatment for a STEMI?

A

Analgesia (diamorphine IV)

Anti-emetic IV

Aspirin

Clopidogrel

GTN

Oxygen if hypoxic

Primary angioplasty

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11
Q

What does troponin do?

A

Binds calcium and actin

It facilitates contraction

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12
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Deliver O2 and nutrients to tissues

Remove metabolites from cells

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13
Q

What are the forces favouring capillary filtration?

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

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14
Q

What are the forces opposing capillary filtration?

A

Capillary osmotic pressure

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

What does heart failure do to the Frank Starling curve?

A

Shift it to the right

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16
Q

What are the 4 causes of oedema?

A

Raised capillary pressure

Reduced plasma osmotic pressure

Lymphatic insufficiency

Changes in capillary permeability

17
Q

What does ivabradine do to heart rate?

A

Slows it

18
Q

Is bradycardia an SVT or a ventricular arrhythmia?

A

SVT

19
Q

What are ectopic beats?

A

Beats or rhythms that originate in places other than the SA node

20
Q

What is syncope?

A

Loss of consciousness

21
Q

What investigations should be done in a person with a cardiac arrhythmia?

A 
ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram
Stress ECG
24hr ECG
Ectrophysiological study
22
Q

What on an ECG shows that the patient could have had a previous MI?

A

Presence of Q waves

23
Q

What is the treatment for sinus bradycardia?

A

Atropine (if acute)

Pacing if haemodynamic compromise

24
Q

What is the treatment for sinus tachycardia?

A

Treat underlying cause

Beta-adrenergic blockers

25
Q

What is the treatment for atrial ectopic beats?

A

Generally no treatment

B-adrenic blockers may help

Avoid stimulants e.g. caffeine

26
Q

What is the acute mangement of supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Valsalva manouvres

IV adenosine

IV verapamil

27
Q

What is verapamil?

A

Calcium channel blocker

28
Q

What is the chronic management of SVT?

A

Avoid stimulants

Electrophysiologic study and ablation (first line in young/symptomatic patients)

Beta blockers

Antiarrhythmic drugs

29
Q

What is first degree heart block?

A

Each P wave takes longer

P-R interval longer than normal (>0.2 sec)

No treatment

30
Q

What is Mobitz type I heart block?

A

2nd degree HB

Progressive lengthening of the PR interval, eventually resulting in a dropped beat

31
Q

What is Mobitz type II HB?

A

2nd degree HB

usually 2:1/3:1 but may be variable

Dropped beats just whenever

Permanent pacemaker indicated

32
Q

What is 3rd degree HB?

How is it treated?

A

Complete heart block

Ventricular pacing

33
Q

What is atrial fibrillation that lasts less than 48hrs?

A

Paroxysmal

34
Q

What is atrial fibrillation that lasts more than 48hrs?

A

Persistent

Cardiovascular (14 decks)

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