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Cardiovascular > General Cardio Revision > Flashcards

General Cardio Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What does a positive chronotrope do?

A

Increases heart rate

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2
Q

What does a negative chronotrope do?

A

Decreases heart rate

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3
Q

What does a positive dromotrope do?

A

Increases AV nodal conduction

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4
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation cause?
A - a negative inotropic effect
B- a positive inotropic effect
C - a positive chronotropic effect

A

C

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5
Q

What does a negative inotrope do?

A

Weakens the force of muscular contractions

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6
Q

What do positively inotropic agents do?

A

Increase the strength of muscular contractions

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7
Q

In an ECG, what is the P-wave caused by?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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8
Q

Where is the PR interval measured from on an ECG?

A

The beginning of the P-wave to the beginning of the QRS complex.

It is normally between 3-5 small squares

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9
Q

In an ECG, where does the ventricular systole occur?

A

ST segment

All of the ventricular mass is depolarised and contracting

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10
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation do?

A

Decreases the slope of pacemaker potential
Slows conduction via AV node
Slows heart rate

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11
Q

When does parasympathetic tone dominate?

A

Under resting conditions

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12
Q

Sympathetic stimulation speeds up conduction via which node in the heart?

A

AV node

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13
Q

Sympathetic stimulation does what to the slope of pacemaker potential?

A

Increases

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14
Q

Where is the cardiovascular centre?

A

Medulla

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15
Q

The presence of extracellular ‘what’ is essential for cardiac contraction?

A

Calcium

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16
Q

During ventricular contraction, what do the actin filaments do?

A

Slide on myocine

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17
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per heart beat

18
Q

What is the mean arterial blood pressure?

A

The average arterial bp in one cardiac cycle (systole and diastole)

It is determined by CO and TPR

19
Q

Intermittent claudication can be improved by…?

A

Exercise

20
Q

The internal mammary artery can be used as a graft in what type of surgery?

A

Coronary artery surgery

21
Q

The development of electrocardiographic ST segment depression on exercise supports the diagnosis of what…?

A

Ischaemic heart disease

22
Q

What is an anti-anginal medication?

A

Potassium channel activators

23
Q

A patient presents with an acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in a very rural area. He has recently had aggressive CPR. Can he be thrombolysed?

A

No

24
Q

On an ECG, ST segment depression on exercise is a sign of…?

A

Myocardial ischaemia

25
Q

An ECG shows dissociated ventricular and atrial activity. What could this be?

A

Complete 3rd degree heart block

26
Q

Can complete heart block cause a loss of consciousness?

A

Yes

27
Q

Vagal stimulation increases/decreases the slopeof pacemaker potential

A

Decreases

28
Q

The main parasympathetic neurotransmitter in the cardiovascular system is…?

A

Acetylcholine

29
Q

What is the definition of tachycardia?

A

A heart rate of >100bpm

30
Q

Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate by acting on what receptors in the heart?

A

Beta-1 receptors

31
Q

During the passive filling phase, what is the pressure in the atria and ventricles like?

A

Low/close to 0

32
Q

What valves are closed during isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A

AV valves and semi-lunar valves

33
Q

80% of ventricular filling occurs actively/passivley

A

passively

34
Q

During isovolumetric relaxation is the aortic valve open or closed?

A

Closed as the pressure falls around a closed volume

35
Q

When does isovolumetric ventricular relaxation begin?

A

When the aortic valve closes

36
Q

In a STEMI when is angioplasty not indicated?

A

If the patient presents more than 12 hours after the onset of symptoms

37
Q

Following angioplasty what kind of antiplatelet therapy are patients given?

A

Dual antiplatelet therapy, aspirin and clopidogrel

38
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and why does it develop?

A

Abnormally enlarged cardiac muscle as a result of a mutation to sarcomeric genes

39
Q

What type of pattern is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy inherited?

A

Autosomal dominant

40
Q

Following an MI what dietary advice can you give to a patient?

A

Increase intake of omega-3-fatty-acids

Cardiovascular (14 decks)

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