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Cardiovascular > Week 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the excitation of the heart normally originate?

A

Sino-atrial node

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2
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Upper right atrium

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3
Q

What happens to the ions during the slow depolarisation of the membrane potential (pacemaker) to threshold?

A

Decrease in K+ efflux

Na+ and K+ influx

Transient Ca++ influx

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4
Q

The rising phase of action potential depolarisation in pacemaker cells is caused by what?

A

Calcium influx

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5
Q

The falling phase of action potential in pacemaker cells is caused by what?

A

Potassium efflux

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6
Q

How does cardiac excitation spread across the heart?

A 
SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Left and right branches
Purkinje fibres
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7
Q

What type of cell:cell junctions allow excitation to spread through the heart?

A

Gap junctions

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8
Q

In the ventricular muscle action potential, what is the steep rise in membrane potential (phase 0) caused by?

A

Fast Na influx

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9
Q

In ventricular muscle action potential, what is the small decline in membrane potential after the steep incline due to?

A

Closure of the Na channels and transient K efflux

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10
Q

What is the horizontal part of the ventricular muscle action potential graph due to (phase 2)?

A

Calcium influx

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11
Q

What is the fall in action potential of the ventricular muscle action potential graph due to?

A

Closure of Ca++ channels and K+ efflux

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12
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of ventricular muscle?

A

-90mV

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13
Q

Stimulation of which nervous system increases the heart rate?

A

Sympathetic

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14
Q

Stimulation of which nervous system decreases the heart rate?

A

Parasympathetic

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15
Q

What is considered a normal resting heart rate?

A

60-100bpm

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16
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

What muscarinic receptors does it act on?

A

Acetyl choline

M2 receptors

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17
Q

What drug can be used in extreme bradycardia to speed up the heart rate?

A

Atropine

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18
Q

What does vagal stimulation of the heart do to the electrical impluses running through the heart?

A

Increases AV nodal delay

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19
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for sympathetic stimulation of the heart and what adrenoceptors does it act on?

A

Noradrenaline

Beta-1 adrenoceptors

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20
Q

True/False

Cardiac muscle is striated

A

TRUE

21
Q

Muscle fibres are made up of many…

A

Myofibrils

22
Q

Myofibrils are made up of 2 components. What are they?

A

Myocyin

Actin

23
Q

What ion is essential for muscle contraction?

A

Extracellular calcium

24
Q

What does actin bind to in order to allow contraction?

A

Troponin

25
Q

Where is calcium released from in the cell to allow contraction of muscle fibres?

A

Sacroplasmic reticulum

26
Q

What is a refractory period?

A

A period following an action potential in which it is not possible to produce another action potential

27
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per heart beat

28
Q

What is an intrinsic mechanism?

A

Mechanism from within the heart

29
Q

What is an extrinsic mechanism?

A

Nervous/hormonal control

30
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Mechanism or Law of the Heart?

A

The more the ventricle is filled with blood during diastole, the greater the volume of ejected blood will be during the resulting systolic contraction

31
Q

What increases the affinity of troponin for Ca++?

A

Stretch

32
Q

What is afterload?

A

The resistance into which the heart is pumping

33
Q

What type of nerves supply the ventricular muscle?

A

Sympathetic

34
Q

What is a positive inotropic effect?

A

Increase in the force of contraction

35
Q

What is a positive chronotropic effect?

A

Increase in the heart rate

36
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation do to the Frank-Starling curve?

A

Shifts it to the left

37
Q

What does the heart failure do to the Frank Starling curve?

A

Shifts the curve to the right

38
Q

What does vagal stimulation of the heart do to:

A: The heart rate

B: The force of contraction

A

Slows rate

No influence on force of contraction

39
Q

Where are adrenaline and noradrenaline hormonesreleased from?

A

Adrenal medulla

40
Q

What makes up cardiac output?

A

SV x HR

41
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

42
Q

What events occur during the cardiac cycle?

A

Passive filling

Atrial contraction

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Ventricular ejection

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

43
Q

What does the P wave signal in an ECG?

A

Atrial depolarisation

44
Q

When do the atria contract on an ECG?

A

Between the P-wave and the QRS

45
Q

When does ventricular contraction occur on an ECG?

A

After the QRS

46
Q

What is an isovolumetric contraction?

A

When the tension rises around a closed volume (just before diastole)

47
Q

What does the T wave on an ECG represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

48
Q

What causes the dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure curve?

A

Second heart sound, aortic/pulmonary valves closing

49
Q

On the jugular venous pulse graph, what do the following letters represent?

A

C

V

A

A - atrial contraction

C - bulging of tricuspid valve into atrium during ventricular contraction

V - is rise of atrial pressure during atrial filling: release as AV valves open

Cardiovascular (14 decks)

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