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Cardiovascular > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is athersclerosis?

A

Build up of plaque in the arteries

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2
Q

What forms plaque (in relation to athersclerosis)?

A 
Fatty substances
Cholesterol 
Cellular waste
Calcium
Fibrin
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3
Q

What is a chylomicron?

A

Lipoprotein

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4
Q

Which lipoprotein has a protective effect for risk of athersclerosis?

A

HDL

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5
Q

What do statins do?

A

Reduce total cholesterol and LDLs

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6
Q

Where are xanthelasma found?

A

Eye

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7
Q

What can be used to help estimate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease?

A

Assign score

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8
Q

BP = X x Y

A

CO

TPR

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9
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome?

A

Excess production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands

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10
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Condition caused by high levels of cortisol in the body (fromthe adrenal gland)

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11
Q

What is phaeochromocytoma?

A

Condition caused by excess noradrenaline

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12
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Congenital narrowing of segments of the aorta

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13
Q

What is benign hypertension?

A

Asymptomatic, incidental finding

Is a cause of life threatening morbidity

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14
Q

What does hypertension do to the heart?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Poor perfusion

Interstitial fibrosis

Micro-infarcts

Diastolic dysfunction

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15
Q

What does arterial stenosis cause?

A

Narrowing of the arterial lumen

Reduced elasticity

Reduced flow in systole

Tissue ischaemia

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16
Q

What should be offered to a patient if their BP is 140/90 or higher in order to confirm the diagnosis?

A

ABPM

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

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17
Q

What is ABPM?

A

Two measurements per our throught the day during a normal person’s waking hours

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18
Q

What is stage II hypertension?

A

Clinical BP 160/100 mmHg or higher AND ABPM/HBPM daytime average of 150/95

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19
Q

What should be offered to all patients diagnosed with hypertension?

A

Urine test for protein
Blood to measure glucose, electrolytes, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate and cholesterol
Examine fundi for hypertensive retinopathy
Arrange a 12-lead ECG

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20
Q

Renal disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, aldosteronism and reno-vascular disease all increase the risk of what?

A

Secondary hypertension

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21
Q

What do 60% of hypertensive patients have inappropriate secretions of?

A

Aldosterone

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22
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Arrest of blood loss from a damaged vessel

23
Q

What are the 3 stages involved in haemostasis?

A

Local vasoconstriction at the site of injury

Adhesion, activation and aggregation of platelets at site of injury

Formation of fibrin (blood coagulation)

24
Q

What does exposed collagen bind to?

A

von Willebrand factor

25
Q

What is the pivotal event in the complex amplifying cascade in the events of coagulation?

A

The production of the protease thrombin that cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin

26
Q

What does thrombosis mean?

A

Pathological haemostasis

A heamatological plug in the abscence of bleeding

27
Q

What does an arterial thrombus look like?

A

White thrombus

Mainly platelets in a fibrin mesh

Primarily treated with anti-platelet drugs

28
Q

What does a venous thrombus look like?

A

Red thrombus

White-head, jelly-like red tail, fibrin rich

Primarily treated with anti-coagulants

29
Q

What does warfarin block?

A

Vitamin K reductase

30
Q

What are anticoagulants used in the treatment of?

A

Venous thrombosis and embolism

31
Q

Name an anticoagulant

A

Warfarin

32
Q

What can an overdose of warfarin be treated with?

A

Vitamin K1 e.g. phytomenadione

33
Q

What does heparin bind to?

A

Antithrombin III

34
Q

Name 2 antiplatlet drugs

A

Aspirin

Clopidogrel

35
Q

When is streptokinase?

A

Drug used to reduce mortality in an acute MI

36
Q

What is the thymus?

A

Gland/lymphoid organ producing T-lymphocytes in childhood-involutes and becomes replaced by adipose tissue after puberty

37
Q

What lymphatic duct drains the left venous angle?

A

Thoracic duct

38
Q

What is the swollen start of the thoracic duct in the abdomen called?

A

Cisterna chyli

39
Q

How is extra oxygen supplied to the heart when it is required?

A

Increasing coronary blood flow

40
Q

A decrease in partial pressure of oxygen does what to coronary arterioles?

A

Vasodilates them

41
Q

What nervous system supplies coronary arterioles?

A

Sympathetic

42
Q

What parts of brain are very sensitive to hypoxia?

A

Grey matter

43
Q

Basilar and carotid arteries anastomes to form what?

A

The circle of WILLIS

44
Q

A MABP below what results in confusion, fainting and brain damage if not quickly corrected?

A

50mmHg

45
Q

An increase in PCO2 causes what?

A

Cerebral vasodilation

46
Q

A decrease in PCO2 can lead to what?

A

Vasoconstriction

47
Q

What causes the blood brain barrier?

A

Tight intercellular junctions found in cerebral capillaries

48
Q

How does glucose cross the blood brain barrier?

A

Facilitated diffusion using specific carrier molecules

49
Q

What is the blood brain barrier impermeable to?

A

Hydrophilic substances such as ions, catecholamines, proteins etc

50
Q

What does the skeletal muscle pump reduce the chances of?

A

Postural hypotension and fainting

51
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

When blood pools in lower limb veins when venous valves become incompetent

52
Q

What is the end point of the coagulation cascade?

A

Fibrin

53
Q

Where is vitamin K stored?

A

Fat soluble

Stored in the liver

Cardiovascular (14 decks)

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