Week 2 Flashcards
Where is the hilum?
Lung root
What nerve descends across the lateral borders of the pericardium?
Phrenic nerve
What is cardiac tamponade?
When the pericardial cavity fills with blood and the pressure prevents cardiac contraction
Where is the needle inserted in pericardiocentesis?
The infrasternal angle
What is the space called behind the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?
Transverse pericardial sinus
Where does the coronary sinus drain blood to?
The right atrium
If I was to open up the right atrium, describe everything that would be seen?
SA node Muscle bands of wall auricle Oval fossa Crista terminalis Opening of the coronary sinus
What is Mobitz type I?
Second degree heart block
PR interval gradually increases from cycle to cycle until the AV node fails completely and a ventricular beat is missed
What is Mobitz type II?
PR interval is constant but every nth, a ventricular depolarization (QRS) is missing
Name an abnormal electrical pathway that bypasses the AV node?
Bundle of Kent
Where does the heart come from (embryology)?
Visceral mesoderm
Name the parts of the heart tube from superior to inferior
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
How many pairs of aortic arches are there during development?
6 pairs
What 3 layers make up the blood vessels?
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia (supporting and connective tissue)
What type of capillaries are found in the mucosa of the gut, endocrine glands and glomeruli of the kidney?
Fenestrated capillaries
What type of capillaries are found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow?
Dinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries
What are the layers of the heart?
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
What are the two types of pericardium that protect the heart?
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
What makes up the fibrous pericardium?
Fibrocollagenous connective tissue
What makes up the serious pericardium
Simple squamous epithelium
What are the 3 types of cardiac muscle cells?
Contractile cells (99%)
Pacemaker cells
Conducting cells
What is shock?
An abnormality of the circulatory system resulting in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation
What causes hypovolaemic shock?
Loss of blood volume
Leads to decreased cardiac output and decreased blood pressure
What causes cardiogenic shock?
Decreased cardiac contractility
What causes obstructive shock?
Increased intrathoracic pressure e.g. tension pneumothorax
What causes neurogenic shock?
Loss of sympathetic tone
Leads to massive venous and arterial vasodilatation
Compensatory mechanisms can maintain blood pressure until how much blood is lost?
30%
How are non-polar lipids transported in the blood?
Lipoproteins
What do ApoB-containing lipoproteins do?
Deliver triglycerides to:
Muscle for ATP biogenesis
Adipocytes for storage
What do chylomicrons do?
Formed in intestinal cells and transport dietary triglycerides- exogenous pathway
