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Cardiovascular > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

What signs on an ECG would you expect to see with acute pericarditis?

A

PT segment depression

ST elevation

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2
Q

What type of MI is associated with bradycardia?

Which vessel is occluded?

A

Inferior

RAD

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3
Q

How would you accentuate aortic stenosis?

A

Ask the patient to squat down

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4
Q

What does adenosine do?

A

Decreases heart rate and reduces conduction velocity at the the AV node

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5
Q

What type of hypertension is of ‘unknown cause’?

A

Essential hypertension

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6
Q

What type of hypertension can damage other organs?

A

Essential hypertension

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7
Q

What is the clinical definition of hypertension?

A

Bp of over 140/90

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8
Q

How is hypertension diagnosed?

A

If clinic bp is over 140/90, ambulatory bp monitoring (ABPM) is a way to confirm diagnosis

If over 135/85 during daytime, type 1 hypertension

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9
Q

If a patient is under 55, what is the first line treatment for hypertension?

A

ACEi or low cost ARB

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10
Q

If a patient is African or Caribbean, what is the first line treatment for their hypertension?

A

Calcium-channel blocker

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11
Q

What is the 2nd line treatment of hypertension?

A

ACEi/ARB + calcium channel blocker

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12
Q

What is the 3rd line treatment of hypertension?

A

ACE-i/ARB + calcium channel blocker + thiazide like diuretic

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13
Q

When are loop diuretics used?

A

Heart failure, oedema etc

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14
Q

What is spironolactone

A

Potassium sparing diuretic

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15
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Hypertension that is caused by another bodily problem e.g. renal disease, hyperaldosteronism

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16
Q

What is the primary treatment for a STEMI?

A

PCI (90 mins)

Thrombolysis if PCI not available

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17
Q

What is the primary treatment for an NSTEMI?

A

Fundaparinux or heparin (anticoagulants)

High risk or recurrent: coronary angiography

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18
Q

What is the initial treatment for an MI?

A 
Analgesia - diamorphine IV
Anti-emetic - IV
Aspirin and Ticagrelor
GTN if BP > 90mmHg
Oxygen - if hypoxic
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19
Q

If a patient has presented with a STEMI that has lasted more than 12hrs, what is the management?

A

Same as NSTEMI

anticoagulants

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20
Q

If you see a change in leads II, III, AVF, what type of MI is it?

A

Inferior

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21
Q

I, IVF V1-6 is what type of MI?

A

Anterolateral

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22
Q

If a patient has narrow complex QRS waves with an irregular heart beat, what do they have?

A

AF

23
Q

If a patient has broad complex tachycardia and a regular rhythm, what do they have?

A

Ventricular tachycardia

24
Q

If a patient has a narrow complex tachycardia and regular rhythm that is not helped by vagal manouvres, what do they have?

A

Atrial flutter

25
Q

What organisms commonly cause endocarditis

A

Staph. aureus

Viridans streptococci

26
Q

Inverted P waves in the inferior leads are suggestive of what?

A

Retrograde atrial conduction

Problem probably orignates at the AV node

27
Q

Bradycardic inferior MI is usually due to an occlusion of what vessel?

A

RCA

28
Q

What heart murmur will be detected on a patient who has recurrent bronchitis and a hoarse voice?

A

Mitral stenosis

Enlarged left atrium struggling to clear bronchial secretions (hence bronchitis)

Hoarse voice due to effects on recurrent laryngeal nerve

29
Q

When a patient is asked to sit up and lean forwards, what murmur is the Dr listening for?

A

Aortic regurgitation

30
Q

When a patient is asked to lie on their left side, what murmur is the Dr listening for?

A

Mitral stenosis

31
Q

What type of people die from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Young athletes

32
Q

What is the main tool used to diagnose hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Echo

33
Q

What disease is an anacrotic pulse associated with?

A

Aortic stenosis

34
Q

What type of pulse is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Jerky pulse

35
Q

What disease is a bisferiens pulse associated with?

A

Mixed aortic stenosis and regurgitation

36
Q

What disease is a bounding pulse associated with?

A

CO2 narcosis
Sepsis
Liver failure

37
Q

What disease causes a collapsing pulse?

A

Aortic regurgitation

38
Q

What pulse would you expect to find on a patient with liver failure?

A

Bounding

39
Q

What type of pulse would you expect to find on a patient with aortic regurgitation?

A

Collapsing pulse

40
Q

What type of pulse would you expect to find on a patient with aortic stenosis and regurgitation?

A

Bisferiens

41
Q

What type of pulse would you expect to find on a patient with aortic stenosis?

A

Anacrotic

42
Q

What condition typically causes a slurred upstroke of the R-wave on an ECG?

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

43
Q

What heart murmur is associated with a slow rising pulse?

A

Aortic stenosis

44
Q

What does corneal arcus show?

A

hyperlipidaemia

45
Q

What tests need to be done if a patient is found to have hyperlipidaemia?

A

Renal, liver and thyroid function tests

46
Q

What does warfarin actually do?

A

It is an inhibitor of the formation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors

47
Q

What does clopidogrel do?

A

Inhibits ADP on platelet cell membranes

48
Q

What does aspirin do?

A

Inhibits cyclo-oxygenase enzyme

49
Q

What drug inhibits ADP on platelet cell membranes?

A

Clopidogrel

50
Q

What drug is an inhibitor of the formation of vitamin-K dependent coagulation factors?

A

Warfarin

51
Q

What drug inhibits cyclo-oxygenase enzyme?

A

Aspirin

52
Q

What causes a raised JVP?

A

Raised right atrial pressure

53
Q

Cor pulmonale is more commonly found in patients with what lung condition?

A

COPD

54
Q

What does adenosine do?

A

It blocks the AV node, thus unmasking flutter waves

Cardiovascular (14 decks)

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