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Earth Science > WEEK 4- TECTONIC PLATES > Flashcards

WEEK 4- TECTONIC PLATES Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an undifferentiated, homogenous
mass of solid rock when it was formed 4.5 BYA.

A

Earth

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2
Q

denser materials sank—less dense materials displaced towards the surface.

A

Iron Catastrophe

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3
Q

Liquid layer

A

Mantle

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4
Q

Part of mantle with convection currents

A

Asthenosphere

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5
Q

solid layer made up of iron and nickel

A

Inner core

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6
Q

two types of crust

A

Oceanic and Continental Crusts

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7
Q

liquid layer made up of iron and nickel

A

Outer core

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8
Q

basalt, 4-7km thickness, much denser(heavier) than continental crust, subducts underneath the continental crust.)

A

Oceanic

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9
Q

granite, 20-70km thickness, less dense(will not undergo subduction, lighter.

A

Continental

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10
Q

Proposed by Alfred wegener

A

Continental drfit theory

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10
Q

he believed that all the continents were connected as one large land mass (Pangea) about 200 million years ago.

A

Alfred Wegener

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11
Q

Continents were once a supercontinent called _____ which means “all lands.” Over time, these supercontinents slowly broke apart into what we have today.

A

Pangaea

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12
Q

Evidences of continental drift theory:

A

Distribution of rocks, distribution of fossils, distribution of glacier sediments, paleoclimate, fit of continental shorelines

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12
Q

these were the main evidence for continental drift during Wegener’s lifetime.

A

Fossils, rocks, climate clues

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13
Q

This theory was often rejected because no one could explain how the continents moved. He reasoned that the cause of movements is the Earth’s Rotation.

A

Continental drift theory

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13
Q

Why was Wegener’s theory often rejected?

A

No one could explain how continents are moving

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14
Q

Some terrestrial organisms are restricted in certain continents because they cannot
swim and cross over the vast oceans that
PRESENTLY separate the continents.

A

Distribution of fossils

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14
Q

Coal forms in tropical climates

A

Paleoclimate

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14
Q

Orientation of striations or scratches imprinted as glaciers moved along the surface of rocks

A

Distribution of glacier sediments

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14
Q

For example, the coast of Africa fits well with the Eastern coast of South America and Southeast coast of North America

A

Fit of continental shorelines

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15
Q

Parts of the Appalachian mountains in the
eastern America are like those found in
Greenland and western Europe

A

Distribution of rocks

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15
Q

It is the idea that the Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called plates that move around on the mantle.

A

Theory of plate tectonics

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15
Q

It is the idea that the Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called _____ that move around on the mantle.

A

Plates

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15
Q

Plate boundaries (3)

A

Divergent, convergent, transform

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15
Q

Boundaries between two plates that are diverging or moving away from each other

A

Divergent

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15
Q

the crust and part of the upper mantle

A

Lithosphere

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15
Q

the plastic like layer below the lithosphere

A

Asthenosphere

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16
Q

2 composition of earth’s plates?

A

Lithosphere and asthenosphere

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16
Q

fossils (especially rocks) formed million years ago and contain record of direction of the magnetic poles at the time of formation.

A

Paleomagnetism

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16
Q

it is the driving force of plate tectonics in which hot, plastic-like material from the mantle rises to the lithosphere, moves horizontally, cools, and sinks back to the mantle.

A

Convection current

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16
Q

often occur along faults. Faults are breaks in rock mass where plate movement occurred. Faults are associated with plate boundaries.

A

Erathquakes

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16
Q

Boundaries between two plates that are sliding horizontally past one another.

A

Transform fault

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16
Q

The crust is broken up into sections that moves on top of liquid mantle

A

Plates

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16
Q

Boundaries between two plates that are converging or moving towards each other

A

Convergent

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16
Q

sections or pieces of crusts are called

A

Tectonic plates

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16
Q

Forms trenches, Destructive Earthquakes, Rapid Uplift of mountain ranges, and building of volcanic arc

A

Oceanic-continental

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17
Q

Produces trenches and volcanic arcs

A

Oceanic-oceanic

18
Q

Produces mountain ranges (himalayas)

A

Continental-continental

19
Q

San Andreas fault

A

Transform

20
Q

Proposed by Harry Hammond Hess

A

Sea floor spreading

21
Q

Presented a mechanism how Pangaea broke apart

A

Sea floor spreading

22
Q

Both sides moves away from crust until it sank

A

Subduction

23
Q

Recite the 6 stages of Wilson cycle

A

Embryonic, Juvenile, Mature, Declining, Terminal, Continental collision

24
Q

seafloor basalts begin forming as continental margins separate. Rift valley deepens and is flooded by seawater.

A

Juvenile

25
Q

Wilson cycle begins with-

A

a rising plume of magma and the thinning of the overlying crust.

26
Q

The cyclical opening and closing of ocean basins caused by the movement of the Earth’s plates.

A

Wilson cycle

27
Q

broad ocean basin widens, trenches develop, and subduction begins.

A

Mature

28
Q

continents are starting to separate resulting in the formation of rift valleys.

A

Embryonic

29
Q

subduction narrows much of the seafloor and oceanic ridge due to converging tectonic plates. This results in the formation of trenches, volcanic island arcs, and coastal mountain ranges.

A

Declining

30
Q

ocean basin becomes narrow and shallow due to sedimentation. Young m mountain ranges are formed along the sides.

A

Terminal

31
Q

the remaining seafloor is eliminated and continents collide, forming a continental mountain chain.

A

Continental collision

32
Q

2 classifications of faults:

A

Strike slip and dip slip faults

32
Q

Under dip-slip faults are:

A

Reverse, normal, and thrust

32
Q

Faults in which movement is primarily parallel to the dip (or inclination) of the fault surface are called?

A

Dip-slip faults

32
Q

Fractures that has no movements

A

Joints

32
Q

Fractures in the crust along which appreciable displacement has taken place

A

Faults

33
Q

a block that moved down between to subparallel normal faults that dip towards one another

A

Graben

33
Q

These are dip-slip faults in which the hanging
wall moves down to the footwall

A

Normal faults

34
Q

these are dip-slip faults which the hanging wall block moves up to the footwall block.

A

Reverse faults

35
Q

consist of two subparallel fault that dip towards each other so that the block between remain high

A

Horst

36
Q

Are reverse faults having dips less than 45°, so the overlying block moves nearly horizontally over the underlying block.

A

Thrust faults

37
Q

A fault in which the dominant displacement is
horizontal and parallel to the trend or strike of the fault surface

A

Strike-slip faults

38
Q

The rocks are sliding past each other horizontally, with little to no vertical movement.

A

Strike slip faults

39
Q

2 classifications of strike-slip:

A

Dextral or sinistral

40
Q

when some strike-slip faults cut through the lithosphere and accommodate motion between two large tectonic plates

A

Transform fault

40
Q

Ex. The 1,200 km Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ) that transects the Philippines from Luzon to Mindanao

A

Left lateral strike-slip or sinistral

40
Q

A strike-slip fault where the block opposite an observer looking across the fault moves to the left

A

Left lateral strike-slip or sinistral

40
Q

A strike-slip fault where the block opposite
an observer looking across the fault moves
to the right

A

Right-lateral strike-slip of dextral

40
Q

EX. San Andreas Fault

A

Dextral

40
Q

bending or warping of rock strata caused by
compressive stress. The structure that develops is called_____?

A

Folding, fold

40
Q

Parts of a fold

A

Limbs, axis, axial plane

40
Q

The axes of most folds are inclined. The angle of dip of its axis is the_____?

A

Plunge

40
Q

Imaginary plane containing all the fold axes within a deformed layer of rock layers

A

Axial plane

40
Q

Two sides or legs of folds

A

Limbs

40
Q

Fold types (2)

A

Anticline and Syncline

40
Q

Through shaped fold

A

Syncline

40
Q

Symmetrical fold in which one limb has been tilted beyond veritcal

A

Overtuned fold

40
Q

Arch shaped fold

A

Anticline

40
Q

Direction of imaginary line connecting points of maximum flexure of fold

A

Axis

40
Q

Bed in a generally flat-lying rock layer

A

Monocline

40
Q

If one limb is steeper, the fold is?

A

Asymmetrical

40
Q

Anticlines and synclines are ___? if their limbs has approximately equal dips

A

Symmetrical

41
Q

A fault in which the axial plane has been overtuned

A

Recumbent fold

41
Q

circular or elliptical structural or topographic highs in which beds dip away to all directions; when eroded, the oldest rocks are exposed at the center

A

Domes

42
Q

circular or elliptical structural or topographic lows or down warps in which beds dip towards the center; when eroded, the youngest rocks are exposed at the center

A

Basins

43
Q

A giant landmass called?

A

Pangaea

44
Q

Pangaea means?

A

All land

45
Q

When all continents were joined to form pangaea, rest of the earth’s surface is covered by a huge ocean called_________

A

Panthalassa

46
Q

theory that the outer rigid layer of the earth (the lithosphere) is divided into a couple of dozen “plates” that move around across the earth’s surface relative to each other, like slabs of ice on a lake

A

Plate tectonics theory

47
Q

Seven major and minor plates:

A

Earth Science (10 decks)

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