WEEK 4 - NECK Flashcards
how many cervical vertebraes are there
7
which cervical vertebraes are atypical
C1 (ATLAS) and c2 (axis)
what is a typical cervical vertebrae
- transverse foramen for vertebral artery and vein are definitive
features of C1 atlas
- no body
- no spinous process
- anterior and posterior tubercle
- groove for vertebral artery
features of c2 axis
body and dense
where is the zygapophyseal joint located
between articular facets
what type of joint is ZYGAPOPHYSEAL joint
- synovial joints that allow for motion of vertebral spine
intervertebral disc function
- provides cushioning to reduce stress of impact, protects nerves, allow movement
what does the intervertebral disc consist of
- central nucleus pulposis and peripheral annulus fibrosis
where does the vertebral artery run through
- runs upwards through transverse foramen of C6 C1
where does vertebral artery passes behind
superior articular process of C1 and sits in a groove above posterior arch, before entering foramen magnum
what do the two vertebral arteries anastomose to form
BASILAR ARTERY at the base of the pons
where does the basilar artery lie
clivus
what does the basilar artery supply and form
circle of willis
does hyoid bone articulate with other bones
no
what is hyoid bone important for
muscle attachments
what is hyoid bone attached to
- supra and infrahyoid muscles
- middle pharyngeal constrictors
- thyrohyoid membrane
stylohyoid ligament - intermediate tendon of digastric
1 superficial muscle of the neck
platysma
what type of muscle is platysma
subcutaneous muscle
where does the platysma muscle cover
- anterior neck and sternocleidomastoid muscle
why is platysma considered a facial expression muscle
closely associated with and inserts into the skin
where do fibres of platysma extend
all the way from the lower face to upper thorax
function of platysma
wrinkles the neck, depresses lip and mandible
innervation of platysma
facial nerve
2nd superficial muscle of the neck
sternocleidomastoid
attachment of sternocleidosmastoid
from manubrium of sternum and medial third of clavicle to mastoid process
function of sternocleidomastoid
tilts and rotates the head (Single) flexes head and raises sternum (paired)
superficial relationship of sternocleidomastoid
external jugular vein, cutaneoous nerves of neck
deep relationship of sternocleidomastoid
acessory nerve, intermediate tendon of omohyoid
innervation of sternocleidomastoid
motor: spinal accessory nerve
sensory: cervical ventral rami
supply and drainage of sternocleidomastoid
arterial: occipital and other small branches of external carotid
venous; Internal jugular
3rd superficial muscle of neck
trapezius
attachment of trapezius muscle
external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line to ligamentum nuchae
spinous process of t12, clavicle and acromion of scapula
function of trapezius
moves shoulder and scapula extends the head
innervation of trapezius
motor: spinal accessory nerve
sensory: cervical ventral rami
supply and drainage of trapezius
arterial: branches of thyrocervical trunk
venous: external jugular
suprahyoid muscles
- digastric
- stylohyoid
- geniohyoid
- mylohyoid
infrahyoid muscles
- omohyoid
- sternohyoid
-sternothyroid - thyrohyoid
digastric muscle anterior belly
digastric fossa to intermediate tendon
posterior belly of digastric muscle
- mastoid notch to intermediate tendon
innervated: facial nerve
intermediate tendon of digastric
attached to hyoid bone via a facial sling
what is found deep to intermediate tendon of digastric
hypoglossal nerve
function of digastric
depresses mandible
elevated hyoid
stylohyoid muscle attachment
styloid process to hyoid bone
innervation of stylohyoid muscle
facial nerve
function of stylohyoid muscle
pulls hyoid bone upwards and backwards
elevates tongue
geniohyoid muscle attachment
inferior mental spine to body of hyoid bone
geniohyoid innervation
cervical ventral rami
function of geniohyoid
pulls hyoid up and forwards to assist with coordination of movements required for swallowing and voice production
relationship of geniohyoid
superior and deep to mylohyoid muscle
mylohyoid muscle attachment
mylohyoid line of mandible to body of hyoid bone
innervation of mylohyoid muscle
mylohyoid nerve
function of mylohyoid
depresses mandible
raises the floor of the mouth at the beginning of swallowing
relationship of mylohyoid
inferior to geniohyoid muscle
superior belly of omohyoid
hypoid to intermediate tendon
intermediate tendon of omohyoid
attached to clavicle via a fascial sling
inferior belly of omohyoid
intermediate tendon to upper border of scapula
innervation of omohyoid
cervical ventral rami including ansa cervicalis and parts of hypoglossal nerve
function of omohyoid muscle
depresses hyoid
tenses deep fascia to aid with prolonged inspiration
what is sternothyroid and thyrohyoid deep to
sternohyoid muscle
attachment of sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
oblique line of thyroid cartilage of larynx
innervation of sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
ansa cervicalis
function of sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
elevate and depress the hyoid bone and larynz
what is the stylohyoid muscle perforated by
intermediate tendon of digastric above hyoid (facial nerve)
stylopharyngeus penetrates what
pharynx between superior and middle constrictor muscles
glossopharyngeal nerve
styloglossus muscle
styloid process to side of tongue
hypoglossal nerve
stylomandibular ligament
from styloid process to posterior border of ramuus and angle of mandible
what does stylomandibular ligament limit
mandibular movement
prevents excessive opening
sphenomandibular ligament
from spine to sphenoid to lingula of mandible
muscles in the floor of posterior triangle
- splenius capitus
- levator scapulae
- scalene muscles
brachial plexus supplies what
- chest, shoulder, arm, forearm and hand
what is brachial plexus formed by
- ventral rami of C5,C6,C7,C8 and T1
Where is brachial plexus found between
scalenus medius and anterior
scalenus anterior
transverse processes of C3-C6 to 1st rib between grooves for subclavian artery and vein
phrenic nerve is anterolateral
scalenus medius
transverse processes of C2-C7 to 1st rib
- behind groove for subclavian artery
- brachial plexus passes anterior to it
scalenus posterior
transverse processes of c5-c7 TO 2ND RIB
posterior part of scalenus medius
functions of scalenus muscles
- elevate rib
lateral flexes of necki
innervation of scalene muscles
cervical ventral rami
list the prevertebral muscles
- longus colli (medial)
- longus capitus (anterolateral)
- rectus capitus anterior
- rectus capitus lateral
function of prevertebral muscles
all flex neck and head on neck
innervation of prevertebral muscles
cervical ventral rami
cranial root of accessory nerve arises from
medulla
spinal root of accessory nerve arises from
cervical spinal cord, travels up foramen magnum into posterior cranial fossa
cranial root joins vagus where
at superior vagal ganglion (jugular ganglion) and supplies voluntary motor fibres to pharynx, larynx and soft palate
where does spinal root passes
deep to and supplies sternocleidomastoid muscle
-crosses posterior triangle and supplies upper trapezius
what do mixed spinal nerves contain
- sensory
- motor
- autonomic fibres
what does small dorsal ramus supplu
cutaneous
what does larger ventral ramus supply
muscle (deep)
how many cervical pairs are there
8
what do ventral rami form
plexus - cervical plexus, brachial plexus, phrenic nerve
where do cutaneous (sensory) branches of cervical plexus emerge from
- behind midpoint of sternocleidomastoid
where do cutaneous sensory branches of cervical plexus cross from
superiorly or anteriosuperiorly except for supraclavicular branch which descends inferiorly towards clavicle
what does lesser occipital suppl
skin of scapl posterior to auricle
what does greater auricle supply
supplies skin over mastoid, auricle, parotid. also sensory innervation of parotid
what does transverse nerve of neck supply
skin of anterolateral neck
what does supraclavicular supply
skin over clavicle, upper thorax skin of upper and posterior shoulder
what does hypoglossal nerve supply
motor to most muscles of the tongue (styloglossus, hypoglossus and genioglossus)
fibres of hypoglossal nerve
fibres from C1 cervical ventral ramus which either branch off to form superior root of ansa cervicalis or continue to supply geniohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles
where is hypoglossal nerve found
deep to intermediate tendon of digastric muscle
what is ansa cervicalis
a cervical plexus nerve loop taht sits on the. neck
location of ansa cervicalis
superficial to carotid sheath and internal jugular vein
deep to sternocleidomastoid
what does ansa cervicalis innervate
most of the infrahyoid muscles (except thyrohyid and geniohyoid)
What is superior root formed by in ansa cervicalis
ccervical spinal nerve ofC
