WEEK 3 - LYMPHATICS Flashcards

1
Q

list the course of the lymphatic system

A

lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessel > lymphatic node > lymphatic duct > veins in root of neck

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2
Q

function of heart

A

pumps blood > blood flows within vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins)

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3
Q

function of capillaries

A
  • exchange of fluids, nutrients and waste with interstitial spaces. not all fluids from capillaries returns to veins > rest taken up by lymphatic system
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4
Q

lymphatic capillaries functions

A
  • blind-ended structure, mop up:
    1: excess fluid in interstital space
    2: cellular debris and pathogens
    3: leaked plasma proteins
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5
Q

function of lymph vessels

A
  • not driven by a pump
    flow towrds venous system aided by compression, supported by numerous valvesw
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6
Q

where do lymph vessels drain into

A
  • lymph nodes
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7
Q

where do lymphatic vessels drain into

A

veins

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8
Q

list the THREE main functions of lymph vessels

A
  • collection of tissue fluid and return to systemic circulation
  • transport of lymphocytes and other immune cells
  • transport of long chain fatty acids from the small inestine via lacteals in villi of intestines
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9
Q

where do lymphs mostly empties into

A

venous system at the jugulosubclavian junctions

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10
Q

what do lymph capillaries arise as

A

permeable, blindly ending tubes in CT and drain into larger lymph vessels

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11
Q

are lymph vessels always small or large

A

small
eg: thoracic duct is only few mm in diameter

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12
Q

what do vast majority of larger lymph vessels contain

A

valves

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13
Q

list the TWO main functions of lymph nodes

A
  • immunosurveillance of lymph
  • production of lymphocytes and other immune cells which are taken up by lymph
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14
Q

where are lymph nodes found mostly

A
  • head
  • neck
  • trunk
  • few in limbs
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15
Q

what are lymph nodes ALWAYS associated with

A

lymph vessels

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16
Q

what do most medium to large lymph vessels pass through

A

at least one node
but some exceptions: thoracic duct does not have associated nodes

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17
Q

list the other lymph organs

A
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • tonsils
18
Q

list the TWO lymph drainage ducts of the body

A
  • thoracic duct > drains L. upper limb. L. head and neck, L. thorax and lower half of body
  • right lymphatic duct > R. upper limb, R. head and neck, R. thorax
19
Q

where does the thoracic duct beings in

A

abdomen at the level of L2 as CISTERNA CHYLI

20
Q

where does thoracic duct receives tributaries from

A
  • gut > via intestinal trunk
  • lower limbs
  • lower thorax
21
Q

where does the thoracic duct receives lymph from three tribuatries before draining into the venous circulation

A
  • bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
  • subclavian lymph trunk
  • jugular lumph trunk
22
Q

where are the valves in major lymph trunks

A
  • numerous along the length of thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct (if present)
23
Q

where are valves also located

A
  • at the terminations of the subclavian and bronchomediastinal trunks into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
24
Q

what are lymph nodes of the head and neck divided inot

A

superficial and deep

25
where do superficial nodes of the neck drains into
deep nodes --> drain into the jugular lymph trunk
26
list the SUPERFICIAL nodes of the head
- occipital - retroauricular/mastoid - parotid - buccal
27
superficial lymph nodes of the neck
- superficial cervical (lateral surface of SCM) - submandibular - submental (overlie mylohyoid muscle) - anterior cervical - OVER thyroid, larynx and trachea
28
what are the deep lymph nodes of the neck further divided into
- superior/upper - inferior/lower by the omohyoid muscle
29
what does the superior/upper deep lymph nodes of the. neck include
- jugulodigastric group - retropharyngeal group
30
what does the inferior/lower deep lymph nodes of the neck includes
- jugulo-omohyoid group - supraclavicular/anterior scalene. muscles
31
what is the VIRCHOW' node
lowest of the deep cervical group of nodes
32
what does the virchow's node contain
- group of 3-6 nodes located in the left supraclavicular fossa > lateral to clavicular head of SCM and closest to jugular trunk
33
where does the jugular trunk drains into in virchows node
- thoracic duct that in turn receives lymph from most of the body
34
what is the retrograde backflow at the venous termination of the thoracic duct prevented by
- a valve located at the subclavian and bronchomediastinal trunks
35
what does an enlarged virchows node indicate
malignancy in any part of the body
36
list the three types of tonsils
- pharyngeal (single) - lingual (single group) - palatine (paired)
37
where is pharyngeal tonsil located
beneath mucosa in the posterior wall of pharynx
38
where is pharyngeal tonsil prominent in children
around opening of auditory tube
39
what are enlarged pharyngeal tonsils called
adenoids
40
what are lingual tonsils a collection of
lymph nodules in posterior or pharyngeal part of tongue
41
where are palatine tonsils located
lateral sides of orophrynx just behind oral cavity within tonsillar fossae