WEEK 3 - LYMPHATICS

Question 1

list the course of the lymphatic system

Answer 1

lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessel > lymphatic node > lymphatic duct > veins in root of neck

Question 2

function of heart

Answer 2

pumps blood > blood flows within vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins)

Question 3

function of capillaries

Answer 3

• exchange of fluids, nutrients and waste with interstitial spaces. not all fluids from capillaries returns to veins > rest taken up by lymphatic system

Question 4

lymphatic capillaries functions

Answer 4

• blind-ended structure, mop up:
  1: excess fluid in interstital space
  2: cellular debris and pathogens
  3: leaked plasma proteins

Question 5

function of lymph vessels

Answer 5

• not driven by a pump
  flow towrds venous system aided by compression, supported by numerous valvesw

Question 6

where do lymph vessels drain into

Answer 6

• lymph nodes

Question 7

where do lymphatic vessels drain into

Answer 7

veins

Question 8

list the THREE main functions of lymph vessels

Answer 8

• collection of tissue fluid and return to systemic circulation
• transport of lymphocytes and other immune cells
• transport of long chain fatty acids from the small inestine via lacteals in villi of intestines

Question 9

where do lymphs mostly empties into

Answer 9

venous system at the jugulosubclavian junctions

Question 10

what do lymph capillaries arise as

Answer 10

permeable, blindly ending tubes in CT and drain into larger lymph vessels

Question 11

are lymph vessels always small or large

Answer 11

small
eg: thoracic duct is only few mm in diameter

Question 12

what do vast majority of larger lymph vessels contain

Answer 12

valves

Question 13

list the TWO main functions of lymph nodes

Answer 13

• immunosurveillance of lymph
• production of lymphocytes and other immune cells which are taken up by lymph

Question 14

where are lymph nodes found mostly

Answer 14

• head
• neck
• trunk
• few in limbs

Question 15

what are lymph nodes ALWAYS associated with

Answer 15

lymph vessels

Question 16

what do most medium to large lymph vessels pass through

Answer 16

at least one node
but some exceptions: thoracic duct does not have associated nodes

Question 17

list the other lymph organs

Answer 17

• spleen
• thymus
• tonsils

Question 18

list the TWO lymph drainage ducts of the body

Answer 18

• thoracic duct > drains L. upper limb. L. head and neck, L. thorax and lower half of body
• right lymphatic duct > R. upper limb, R. head and neck, R. thorax

Question 19

where does the thoracic duct beings in

Answer 19

abdomen at the level of L2 as CISTERNA CHYLI

Question 20

where does thoracic duct receives tributaries from

Answer 20

• gut > via intestinal trunk
• lower limbs
• lower thorax

Question 21

where does the thoracic duct receives lymph from three tribuatries before draining into the venous circulation

Answer 21

• bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
• subclavian lymph trunk
• jugular lumph trunk

Question 22

where are the valves in major lymph trunks

Answer 22

• numerous along the length of thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct (if present)

Question 23

where are valves also located

Answer 23

• at the terminations of the subclavian and bronchomediastinal trunks into the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

Question 24

what are lymph nodes of the head and neck divided inot

Answer 24

superficial and deep

Question 25

where do superficial nodes of the neck drains into

Answer 25

deep nodes –> drain into the jugular lymph trunk

Question 26

list the SUPERFICIAL nodes of the head

Answer 26

• occipital
• retroauricular/mastoid
• parotid
• buccal

Question 27

superficial lymph nodes of the neck

Answer 27

• superficial cervical (lateral surface of SCM)
• submandibular
• submental (overlie mylohyoid muscle)
• anterior cervical - OVER thyroid, larynx and trachea

Question 28

what are the deep lymph nodes of the neck further divided into

Answer 28

• superior/upper
• inferior/lower
  by the omohyoid muscle

Question 29

what does the superior/upper deep lymph nodes of the. neck include

Answer 29

• jugulodigastric group
• retropharyngeal group

Question 30

what does the inferior/lower deep lymph nodes of the neck includes

Answer 30

• jugulo-omohyoid group
• supraclavicular/anterior scalene. muscles

Question 31

what is the VIRCHOW’ node

Answer 31

lowest of the deep cervical group of nodes

Question 32

what does the virchow’s node contain

Answer 32

• group of 3-6 nodes located in the left supraclavicular fossa > lateral to clavicular head of SCM and closest to jugular trunk

Question 33

where does the jugular trunk drains into in virchows node

Answer 33

• thoracic duct that in turn receives lymph from most of the body

Question 34

what is the retrograde backflow at the venous termination of the thoracic duct prevented by

Answer 34

• a valve located at the subclavian and bronchomediastinal trunks

Question 35

what does an enlarged virchows node indicate

Answer 35

malignancy in any part of the body

Question 36

list the three types of tonsils

Answer 36

• pharyngeal (single)
• lingual (single group)
• palatine (paired)

Question 37

where is pharyngeal tonsil located

Answer 37

beneath mucosa in the posterior wall of pharynx

Question 38

where is pharyngeal tonsil prominent in children

Answer 38

around opening of auditory tube

Question 39

what are enlarged pharyngeal tonsils called

Answer 39

adenoids

Question 40

what are lingual tonsils a collection of

Answer 40

lymph nodules in posterior or pharyngeal part of tongue

Question 41

where are palatine tonsils located

Answer 41

lateral sides of orophrynx just behind oral cavity within tonsillar fossae