week 4 Flashcards
Communication: what is interpersonal gap
a sender’s
intentions – what they wanted to
communicate - differs from the
messages that others receive
(impact).
What is nonverbal communication
involves all the things people do in an
interaction except for what they say.
non verbal communication does refer to
their actions and the sound of their voices, or how they say
things is nonverbal communication.
3 functions of nonverbal communication:
- Providing Information.
- Regulating Interaction.
- Defining the Nature of the Relationship.
what a example of nonverbal communication
facial expression
people sometimes try to control facial expressions by what 4 things
- Intensifying or exaggerating them
- Minimizing or lessening them
- Neutralizing or withholding them
- Masking or replacing them with other emotions
real smiles are called
Duchenne smile
the eyes and gazing behaviour
The direction and amount of a
person’s eye contact is also
influential.
* Looking at someone can
communicate interest and
affection.
eye contact can also coney
dominance and status
what is the visual dominace ratio?
equals “look-speak” divided by “look-listen.”
Body movement: gestures can replace blank blank, but they vary widely from culture to culture
Gestures can replace spoken words but they vary widely from culture to culture
the language of the face needs no
o interpreter, but that’s not true
of the language of gestures.
body postures can also signal what
status or position
high status peoples body gestures
High status people adopt
open, asymmetrical
postures that take up a lot
of space.
Touch different types of touch have
distinctly different meanings
touch can often convey what two things
closeness and affection
what are the four zones of interpersonal distance?
Intimate 0-18, personal 1.5-4, social 4-12 and public 12 and up
Nonverbal communication involves paralanguage: what is paralanguage?
the way in which you say words
paralanguage refers to
rhythm, pitch, volume and rate
Combining the components: when there is a discrepency between peoples words and actions their true meaning ussually lies in their
r true meaning usually lies in their nonverbal, not
their verbal communication.
nonverbal deficits may occur because
people lack the
necessary skills or because they’re not trying very hard to do
well.
nonverbal insensitivity is likely due to
inattention and lack of effort
verbal communication: Verbal disclosure is a hallmark of intamacy
The process of revealing personal
information about oneself to
someone else
How self disclosure develops: social penetration theory
holds that as relationships develop,
partners become more intimate by increasing two aspects of
their verbal communication:
What are the two aspects increasing in social penetration theory
Breadth: the variety of topics they discuss
depth: the personal significance of the topics they discuss
which factor increases faster than the other at the begining of the relationship
Breadth increases faster than depth
resposiveness sustains
intimacy and depth
The interpersonal process model of inta macy: states 3 things
1) They must engage in meaningful, honest and authentic self-disclosure.
2) They must respond to each other’s personal information with
interest and empathy.
3) They each must recognize that the other is being responsive.
self disclosure reciprocity
People tend to match the other’s
self-disclosure in terms of its
intimacy and valence.
self disclosure and relationship satisfaction trends
We reveal more personal information to those we like.
* We also tend to like others more because we have opened
up to them.
what is dysfunctional communication?
Unhappy partners often have
difficulty saying what they mean,
hearing each other, and staying
polite and calm when
disagreements arise.
Social exchange theory states
Successful relationships entail the
mutual exchange of desirable
rewards with others.
* This process is called social
exchange.
social exchange theories include rewards and costs. what are these two things in this theories context?
rewards are results of an interaction that are gratifying, welcome and fulfilling
costs: consequences that are frustrating, distressing and undesireable
the outcome of an interaction formula
outcomes=rewards-costs
Social exchange theory suggests that we evaluate the
outcomes we receive with two criteria:
- What we expect from our relationships.
- How well we think we can do without our partners.
What do we expect from our relationships: comparison level
describes
what we expect and feel we deserve in our relationships with others
when our outcomes exceed our comparison levels were…
when it dosent were
happy and content
upset and sitressed
your comparison level is the standard by which your satisfaction with a relationship is assessed: what is the formula
outcomes - cl= satisfaction or dissatisfaction
What is a comparison level for alternatives
describes the
outcomes we think we can get elsewhere.
so our cl alt s are the
lowest levels of outcomes we will accept from our current partners
our blank in a relationship, the things we would lose if it ends, make it harder to leave and reduce our CLaltS
our investiments
what is the first of four types of relationships in social exchange theory?
outcomes exceed both cl and clalts- happy and stable relationships
second type of relationship
when utcomes exceed clalt but fall below cl-unhappy but stable relationship
third type of relationship
when outcomes exceed cl but fall below clalt- happy but unstable relationship
4th type
cl and clalts fall below- unhappy and unstable
rewards need to outnumber costs by at least what if were to stay satisfied in a intimate relationship
5-to-1
we want two things in close relationships
gain positive outcomes (approach motivation)
avoid negative outcomes (avoidance motivation)
the self expression model holds that we like partnerships that expand the
range of our interests, skills and experiences
After a rapid rise in satisfaction at
the very beginning of their
relationships, many couples
encounter
r a lull as they adjust to
their increasing interdependence
on average marital satisfaction does what over the years
declines
why do they decline?
lack of effort, interdependency, acess to weaponry, unrealistic expectations.
