Week 4

Question 1

5 main senses

Answer 1

-vision
-touch
-smell
-taste
-hearing

Question 2

Other important senses

Answer 2

-equilibrioception (balance)
-proprioception (body position)
-thermoception (sense of temperature)
-nociception (pain sense)

Question 3

Closed loop system

Answer 3

-system receives instructions
-effector enacts instructions
-sensors in environment produce feedback

Question 4

Example of closed loop system

Answer 4

-thermostat

Question 5

Rods function

Answer 5

-motion
-detection

Question 6

Cones function

Answer 6

-fine detail
-colour

Question 7

Visual streams

Answer 7

-dorsal stream
-ventral stream

Question 8

Dorsal stream

Answer 8

-vision for action stream
-visual information travels to the parietal areas

Question 9

Ventral stream

Answer 9

-vision for perception stream
-visual information travels to the temporal lobe

Question 10

Visual agnosia

Answer 10

-stroke that affects ventral stream

Question 11

Optic ataxia

Answer 11

-stroke affecting dorsal stream

Question 12

Optic flow

Answer 12

-when we move our head, the angle the light rays hit the retina changes

Question 13

Rate of change

Answer 13

-rate of change of the size of an object is coming toward you or away from you

Question 14

Time to contact

Answer 14

-directly proportional to the size of the image, and the rate of change of the image

Question 15

Vestibular system components

Answer 15

-otolith organs
-semicircular canals

Question 16

Vestibular-ocular reflexes

Answer 16

-when we move our heads, our eyes stay stable due to this

Question 17

Nystagmus

Answer 17

-alternating slow and fast movements

Question 18

Muscle spindles

Answer 18

-provides information about muscle stretch

Question 19

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 19

-highly sensitive to active muscle tension

Question 20

Joint receptors

Answer 20

-are embedded in the joint capsule

Question 21

Open loop control

Answer 21

-response unfolds without feedback

Question 22

Open loop control example

Answer 22

-stop lights
-slow cooker

Question 23

Feedforward control

Answer 23

-feedforward control involves a signal that readies the system for motor output and some input

Question 24

Reafference

Answer 24

-when eye moves you shut down visual perception
-copy of motor command that was sent to muscles is delivered to sensory regions in the brain

Question 25

Efference copy

Answer 25

-allows for the prediction of the action outcome and the sensory concequences of the action

Question 26

Efference copy example

Answer 26

-if you know that you are going to produce an effect, you can also predict how the feedback will feel

Question 27

Forward models

Answer 27

-used to establish predictions about the desired state

Question 28

Forward models example

Answer 28

-why we cannot tickle ourselves

Question 29

Generalized motor program

Answer 29

-motor programs must be generalized
-motor program must resemble a function where only some factors change

Question 30

Parameters (inputs) into the GMP

Answer 30

-overall duration of the movement
-overall force
-effector (limb) used