Week 10

Question 1

Movement disorders

Answer 1

-conditions characterized by impaired voluntary movements, the presence if involuntary movements, or both

Question 2

Diagnostic tests

Answer 2

-reaches to body positions
-dual task paradigms
-walking in a straight line

Question 3

Causes of motor dysfunction

Answer 3

-degenerative diseases
-inflammation that affects nervous system tissue
-vascular disorders that affect nervous tissue
-trauma

Question 4

Stroke types

Answer 4

-ichemia
-hemmorrhage

Question 5

Ischemia

Answer 5

-blood flow is blocked from a certain part of the body

Question 6

Hemorrhage

Answer 6

-busted blood vessel

Question 7

Motor learning in stroke patients

Answer 7

-individuals with stroke can learn new motor skills with paretic (affected) arm
-can occur right after injury
-may be task specific

Question 8

Muscular dystrophies

Answer 8

-progressive, chronic weakness
-necrosis
-connective tissue infiltration

Question 9

Motor learning in muscular dystrophy patients

Answer 9

-research suggests that the ability to learn motor tasks is not impaired

Question 10

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 10

-chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS
-can affect sensation, vision, postural control etc

Question 11

Motor learning in multiple sclerosis patients

Answer 11

-some evidence of performance improvements in training
-at a slower rate than control patients
-and with greater variability among patients

Question 12

Motor learning in cerebellar patients

Answer 12

-studies showed that cerebellum may play more of a role in movement execution than learning processes

Question 13

Parabolic flights

Answer 13

-flight where plane goes up really high and then dips down fast to cause microgravity environment

Question 14

Downsides of parabolic flights

Answer 14

-cannot get the same amount of microgravity time for each trial, may want to record a shorter amount of seconds that can always be reached

Question 15

When head direction is sensed, which way do the eyes begin to rotate

Answer 15

-the opposite direction

Question 16

What happens when the limit of the eye movement is reached

Answer 16

-the eyes make a rapid adjustment to bring gaze to the new location

Question 17

Nystagmus

Answer 17

-eye movements that occur to adjust to prolonged fixation
-if head keeps moving, nystagmus stops
-when head rotation stops abruptly, endolymph continues to move which causes perception of motion (dizziness)

Question 18

What does the otolith organs sense

Answer 18

-linear accelerations

Question 19

What do the semicircular canals sense

Answer 19

-angular motion

Question 20

Velocity decay

Answer 20

-the measure of reduction in eye movement velocity in the slow phase after initial response

Question 21

Velocity storage

Answer 21

-affected by microgravity

Question 22

What happens to proprioception in microgravity

Answer 22

-decreased activity

Question 23

How to reduce errors in proprioceptive body positioning in microgravity

Answer 23

-add a load/resistance to balance the lack of gravitational load

Question 24

Double step or target jump paradigm

Answer 24

-participant performs reaches to a target location and on some percentage of the trials the target “jumps” or “steps”

Question 25

What is the double step paradigm used for

Answer 25

-assessing movement control processes
-not movement planning processes

Question 26

Results of double step test

Answer 26

-central nervous system can flexibly adapt control processes to gravitational constraints and achieve same movement outcomes

Question 27

How does the nervous system adapt to microgravity

Answer 27

-in environments where some sensory information is compromised, we rely on other sources of information more

Question 28

Electorencephalography (EEG)

Answer 28

-can be used to measure the brain response to sensory stimulation

Question 29

Evoked response

Answer 29

-when showing a stimulus to elicit a reaction

Question 30

Stepping test in microgravity

Answer 30

-our brains are not as sensitive to stepping and standing conditions motor outputs therefore there was no change when vibration was used