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1807 - Safe Administration of Medications > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

Controls the automatic and involuntary actions of tissues and organs

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2
Q

Name 3 ANS functions

A
  1. Gland secretion
  2. Rate/force of heart contraction
  3. Contraction/relaxation of smooth muscles (blood vessels, bronchioles, GIT)
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3
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the ANS? What are they responsible for?

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) - “fight or flight”

2. Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) “rest and digest”

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4
Q

Describe the SN Pathway

A
  • Arises from spinal cord, T1-L2 (thoraco-lumbar)

- Short pre-ganglionic, long post-ganglionic neuron

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5
Q

How does the SN Pathway work?

A
  • The pre-ganglionic neurons are cholinergic -> release ACh
  • Most post-ganglionic neurons are adrenergic -> release adrenaline
  • Adrenaline stimulates body responses (“fight or flight”
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6
Q

Name 3 body parts the SN pathway effects

A
  1. Eyes (dilate)
  2. Sweat glands (increased sweat secretion)
  3. Heart (increased heart rate and force of contraction)
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7
Q

Describe the PN pathway

A
  • Arises from S1-S4 (cranio-sacral)

- Long pre-ganglionic neuron, short post-ganglionic neuron

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8
Q

How does the PN Pathway work?

A
  • All pre and post-ganglionic neurons are cholinergic -> release ACh
  • ACh interacts with cholinergic receptors to slow body responses (“rest and digest”)
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9
Q

Name 3 body parts the PN pathway effects

A
  1. Eyes (constricts)
  2. Salivary Glands (increased saliva production)
  3. Heart (decreased heart rate)
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10
Q

Define “Adrenergic Pharmacology”

A

Drugs that block/increase SNS response

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11
Q

Define “Cholinergic Pharmacology”

A

Drugs that block/increase PNS response

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12
Q

List 3 effects of Alpha 1 Agonists

A
  1. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
  2. Pupil dilation
  3. Decreased peristalsis in GIT (constipation)
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13
Q

What are Alpha 1 Agonists used for?

A
  • Hypotension

- Nasal congestion/ red eyes

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14
Q

List 3 effects of Alpha 1 Antagonists

A
  1. Vasodilation of blood vessels
  2. Pupil constriction
  3. Increased peristalsis in GIT (diarrhoea)
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15
Q

List 3 effects of Beta 1 Agonists

A
  1. Increased heart rate
  2. Increased cardiac output
  3. Decreased digestion and GIT motility
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16
Q

Name 3 common side effects of Beta 1 Agonists

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Constipation
17
Q

What are Beta 1 Antagonists otherwise known as?

A

Beta blockers

18
Q

List 3 effects of Beta 1 Antagonists

A
  1. Decreased heart rate
  2. Decreased cardiac output
  3. Increased GIT motility (diarrhoea)
19
Q

What are Beta 1 Antagonists used for?

A
  • Cardiac disease
  • Hypertension
  • Migraines
20
Q

Name 3 common side effects of Beta 1 Antagonists

A
  1. Lethargy
  2. Insomnia
  3. Bradycardia
21
Q

Explain the Pharmacology behind Beta Blockers?

A
  • Bind to beta-adrenergic receptors, preventing the binding of adrenaline
  • Can be selective (major organs) or non-selective (vascular smooth muscle)
22
Q

Explain the Pharmacokinetics behind Beta Blockers

A 
Absorption:
Absorbed in GIT -> consistent blood levels
Distribution:
Must know how soon blood concentrations peak after administration 
Metabolism:
Metabolised by body tissues
Excretion:
Via the renal system in urine
23
Q

Explain Cholinergic Pharmacology

A
  • As an agonist, stimulates cholinergic receptor

- As an antagonist, inhibits action mediated by cholinergic receptor

24
Q

Name the 2 cholinergic receptors

A
  1. Nicotinic

2. Muscarinic

25
Q

What do Nicotinic Agonists do?

A
  • Increase ANS tone
  • Relaxation
  • Stimulates adrenal medulla -> increased adrenaline
26
Q

What do Nicotinic Antagonists do?

A
  • Decrease BP
  • Decrease GIT motility
  • Urinary retention
27
Q

What do Muscarinic Agonists do?

A
  • Pupil constriction
  • GI sphincter relaxation
  • Promotion of defecation
28
Q

What do Muscarinic Antagonists do?

A
  • Increase heart rate
  • Bronchodilation
  • Decrease peristalsis

1807 - Safe Administration of Medications (17 decks)

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