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1807 - Safe Administration of Medications > EOT Exam Prep > Flashcards

EOT Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula to calculate Dose?

A

Strength Required (SR)/Stock Strength (SS) x Volume

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2
Q

A patient requires 5mg of Zyrtec. Each tablet contains 10mg of Zyrtec. Use the formula to calculate the appropriate dose.

A

SR/SS x Volume
5mg/10mg x 1
= 0.5mg (1/2 a tablet)

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3
Q

What are the 3 Routes of Administration?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Topical
  3. Parenteral
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4
Q

What are the 3 Oral Routes of Administration?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Sublingual (under tongue)
  3. Buccal (inside of cheeks)
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5
Q

What are the 5 Topical Routes of Administration?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous Membranes
  3. Inhalation
  4. Intraocular
  5. Intraotic
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6
Q

Name 3 Parenteral Routes of Administration

A
  1. Subcutaneous
  2. Intravenous
  3. Intramuscular
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7
Q

Define the following abbreviations:
IM, IV, NEB, PO, PR, SubCut, SubLing, Topical

A

Intramuscular, Intravenous, Nebulised, Oral, Per rectum, Subcutaneous, Sublingual, Topical

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8
Q

Explain Pharmacodynamics.

A

What the drug does to the body

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9
Q

Explain Pharmacokinetics.

A

How the drug is altered as it travels through the body

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10
Q

What are the 2 Major Types of Pharmacologic Action?

A
  1. Drugs which change the environment of body cells
  2. Drugs which bind to receptors on cell membranes and alter cellular physiology
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11
Q

Name 3 factors in which the affects of drugs could be altered.

A
  1. Age
  2. Drug interactions
  3. Weight
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12
Q

What are the 4 important processes of Pharmacokinetics?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
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13
Q

Define Artificial Agonists.

A

Mimics natural agonists within the body, binding to receptors to create the same effect

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14
Q

Define Natural Agonists.

A

Substances within the body that have evolved to produce a response when they bind to and “switch on” a receptor

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15
Q

Define Antagonists.

A

Binds to cell’s receptor and blocks access to the receptor from agonists in the body

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16
Q

What are the 3 names one drug is given?

A
  1. Chemical name
  2. Approved name (generic)
  3. Proprietary name (brand)
    E.g. Amoxyl
    Chemical name: a-amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin trihydrate
    Approved name: Amoxycillin
    Brand name: Alphamox, Amoxil, Moxacin
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17
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -cillin

A

Antibiotics, Penicillin

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18
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -olol

A

Beta Blockers, Metoprolol

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19
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -statin

A

HMG-CoA Inhibitors, Simvastatin

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20
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -pril

A

ACE Inhibitors, Ramipril

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21
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -azepam

A

Benzodiazepines, Diazepam

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22
Q

Explain the Swiss Cheese Model.

A

Every step in a process has the potential for failure, we need to identify holes in the layers of defence

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23
Q

APINCHS is the mnemonic for High Risk Medications. Define it.

A

Antimicrobials
Potassium and other electrolytes
Insulin
Narcotics
Chemotherapeutic agents
Heparin and other anticoagulants
Systems

24
Q

What are the 2 Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous System (fight or flight)
  2. Parasympathetic Nervous System (rest and digest)
25
What effects does the Sympathetic Nervous System have on the body?
Eyes: pupils dilate Salivary Glands: dry mouth Sweat Glands: increased sweat secretion Heart: Increased HR Lungs: bronchioles dilate Digestive System: decreased activity Urinary System: relaxed bladder sphincter
26
What effects does the Parasympathetic Nervous System have on the body?
Eyes: pupils constricts Salivary Glands: increased saliva production Heart: decreased HR Lungs: bronchioles constricts Digestive System: increased peristalsis Urinary System: constricts bladder sphincter
27
Define Adrenergic Pharmacology.
Drugs that block or increase SNS response
28
Define Cholinergic Pharmacology.
Drugs that block or increase PNS response
29
Define Agonist Pharmacology.
Stimulates/Mimics PNS and SNS Systems
30
Define Antagonist Pharmacology.
Blocks/Inhibits PNS and SNS Systems
31
Name 5 effects Alpha 1 Agonists have.
1. Vasoconstriction and increased BP 2. Pupil dilation 3. Constipation 4. Urinary retention 5. Sweating
32
What can Alpha 1 Agonists be used for? And what do you monitor following administration?
Use: Hypotension Monitor: HR, BP and urine output
33
Name 5 effects Alpha 1 Antagonists have.
1. Vasodilation and decreased BP 2. Pupil constriction 3. Impotence 4. Increased peristalsis 5. Dry mouth
34
Name 5 effects Beta 1 Agonists have.
1. Increased HR 2. Increased BP 3. Constipation 4. Headache 5. Sweating
35
Name 3 effects Beta 1 Antagonists have. And 3 Side Effects.
1. Decreased HR 2. Increased gut motility 3. Decreased BP 1. Hypotension 2. Bradycardia 3. Lethargy
36
What are the 2 Cholinergic Receptors called?
1. Nicotinic: responds to stimulation by nicotine 2. Muscarinic: responds to ACh
37
Name the 5 types of Chemical Mediators.
1. Histamines 2. Prostaglandins 3. Cytokines 4. Serotonin 5. Nitric Oxide
38
What are the 3 Chemical Mediators for Inflammatiom?
1. Histamine 2. Prostaglandins 3. Cytokines
39
Define NSAID.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
40
What effects do NSAIDs have?
1. Inhibits COX enzymes 2. Inhibits COX-1 enzymes 3. Inhibits COX-2 ezymes
41
What are the 2 types of pain? And how do they differ?
1. Acute: lasts for a short time 2. Chronic: lasts beyond expected time
42
Pain can be categorised by the location of origin. There are 3. What are they? And define them.
1. Visceral: Emanates from internal organs, described as deep ache, pressure or dull 2. Somatic: Emanates from muscles and tissues, described as throbbing, aching or stabbing 3. Neuropathic: Emanates from NS
43
What are the 4 types of Laxatives? And what is their method of action?
1. Osmotic Laxatives: water is retained, or pulled back into the colon 2. Stimulant Laxatives: causes an increase in peristalsis by irritating the smooth muscle of the intestinal wall 3. Faecal Softener: hold water molecules in the faecal matter, making them softer and easier to pass 4. Bulk Forming Laxatives: adds bulk to colonic contents, which stimulates movements and the defecation reflex
44
Name 3 factors that can increase one's susceptibility to infection?
1. Age 2. Exposure to pathogens 3. Inadequate immunological defences
45
"Antibiotics Can Protect The Queens Men, Servants and Guards" is the mnemonic for the Classes of Antibiotics. What are they called?
Aminoglycoside Cephalosporins Penicillin Tetracyclines Quinolones/Fluroquinolones Macrolides Sulponamides Glycopeptides
46
Which 2 Classes of Antibiotics kill only gram+ bacteria?
1. Macrolides 2. Glycopeptides
47
Which Class of Antibiotics kill only gram- bacteria?
Aminoglycosides
48
Which 5 Classes of Antibiotics kill gram+ and gram- bacteria?
1. Cephalosporins 2. Penicillin 3. Tetracyclines 4. Quinolones/Fluroquinolones 5. Sulponamides
49
Name an example of all 8 Classes of Antibiotics in order of the mnemonic.
1. Gentamicin 2. Cefazolin 3. Ampicillin 4. Tetracycline 5. Ciproflaxin 6. Erythromycin 7. Sulfamethoxazole 8. Vancomycin
50
Which 3 Classes of Antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis?
1. Aminoglycoside 2. Tetracycline 3. Macrolide
51
Which 3 Classes of Antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis?
1. Cephalosporins 2. Penicillins 3. Glycopeptides
52
Which Class of Antibiotics inhibits DNA replication?
Quinolones/Fluroquinolones
53
Which Class of Antibiotics inhibits folate synthesis?
Sulponamides
54
What is Digoxin used for?
Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter and Heart Failure
55
What can Digoxin Toxicity cause?
Nausea, Vomiting and Blurred Vision
56
What should always be monitored before administering Digoxin?
Heart Rate; if less than 60 beats/min, do not administer
57
What are 3 examples of Anti-Coagulants?
Heparin, Enoxaparin, Warfarin

1807 - Safe Administration of Medications (17 decks)

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