EOT Exam Prep Flashcards
What is the formula to calculate Dose?
Strength Required (SR)/Stock Strength (SS) x Volume
A patient requires 5mg of Zyrtec. Each tablet contains 10mg of Zyrtec. Use the formula to calculate the appropriate dose.
SR/SS x Volume
5mg/10mg x 1
= 0.5mg (1/2 a tablet)
What are the 3 Routes of Administration?
- Oral
- Topical
- Parenteral
What are the 3 Oral Routes of Administration?
- Oral
- Sublingual (under tongue)
- Buccal (inside of cheeks)
What are the 5 Topical Routes of Administration?
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes
- Inhalation
- Intraocular
- Intraotic
Name 3 Parenteral Routes of Administration
- Subcutaneous
- Intravenous
- Intramuscular
Define the following abbreviations:
IM, IV, NEB, PO, PR, SubCut, SubLing, Topical
Intramuscular, Intravenous, Nebulised, Oral, Per rectum, Subcutaneous, Sublingual, Topical
Explain Pharmacodynamics.
What the drug does to the body
Explain Pharmacokinetics.
How the drug is altered as it travels through the body
What are the 2 Major Types of Pharmacologic Action?
- Drugs which change the environment of body cells
- Drugs which bind to receptors on cell membranes and alter cellular physiology
Name 3 factors in which the affects of drugs could be altered.
- Age
- Drug interactions
- Weight
What are the 4 important processes of Pharmacokinetics?
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
Define Artificial Agonists.
Mimics natural agonists within the body, binding to receptors to create the same effect
Define Natural Agonists.
Substances within the body that have evolved to produce a response when they bind to and “switch on” a receptor
Define Antagonists.
Binds to cell’s receptor and blocks access to the receptor from agonists in the body
What are the 3 names one drug is given?
- Chemical name
- Approved name (generic)
- Proprietary name (brand)
E.g. Amoxyl
Chemical name: a-amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin trihydrate
Approved name: Amoxycillin
Brand name: Alphamox, Amoxil, Moxacin
Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -cillin
Antibiotics, Penicillin
Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -olol
Beta Blockers, Metoprolol
Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -statin
HMG-CoA Inhibitors, Simvastatin
Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -pril
ACE Inhibitors, Ramipril
Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -azepam
Benzodiazepines, Diazepam
Explain the Swiss Cheese Model.
Every step in a process has the potential for failure, we need to identify holes in the layers of defence
APINCHS is the mnemonic for High Risk Medications. Define it.
Antimicrobials
Potassium and other electrolytes
Insulin
Narcotics
Chemotherapeutic agents
Heparin and other anticoagulants
Systems
What are the 2 Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
- Sympathetic Nervous System (fight or flight)
- Parasympathetic Nervous System (rest and digest)
What effects does the Sympathetic Nervous System have on the body?
Eyes: pupils dilate
Salivary Glands: dry mouth
Sweat Glands: increased sweat secretion
Heart: Increased HR
Lungs: bronchioles dilate
Digestive System: decreased activity
Urinary System: relaxed bladder sphincter
What effects does the Parasympathetic Nervous System have on the body?
Eyes: pupils constricts
Salivary Glands: increased saliva production
Heart: decreased HR
Lungs: bronchioles constricts
Digestive System: increased peristalsis
Urinary System: constricts bladder sphincter
Define Adrenergic Pharmacology.
Drugs that block or increase SNS response
Define Cholinergic Pharmacology.
Drugs that block or increase PNS response
Define Agonist Pharmacology.
Stimulates/Mimics PNS and SNS Systems
Define Antagonist Pharmacology.
Blocks/Inhibits PNS and SNS Systems
Name 5 effects Alpha 1 Agonists have.
- Vasoconstriction and increased BP
- Pupil dilation
- Constipation
- Urinary retention
- Sweating
What can Alpha 1 Agonists be used for? And what do you monitor following administration?
Use: Hypotension
Monitor: HR, BP and urine output
Name 5 effects Alpha 1 Antagonists have.
- Vasodilation and decreased BP
- Pupil constriction
- Impotence
- Increased peristalsis
- Dry mouth
Name 5 effects Beta 1 Agonists have.
- Increased HR
- Increased BP
- Constipation
- Headache
- Sweating
Name 3 effects Beta 1 Antagonists have. And 3 Side Effects.
- Decreased HR
- Increased gut motility
- Decreased BP
- Hypotension
- Bradycardia
- Lethargy
What are the 2 Cholinergic Receptors called?
- Nicotinic: responds to stimulation by nicotine
- Muscarinic: responds to ACh
Name the 5 types of Chemical Mediators.
- Histamines
- Prostaglandins
- Cytokines
- Serotonin
- Nitric Oxide
What are the 3 Chemical Mediators for Inflammatiom?
- Histamine
- Prostaglandins
- Cytokines
Define NSAID.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
What effects do NSAIDs have?
- Inhibits COX enzymes
- Inhibits COX-1 enzymes
- Inhibits COX-2 ezymes
What are the 2 types of pain? And how do they differ?
- Acute: lasts for a short time
- Chronic: lasts beyond expected time
Pain can be categorised by the location of origin. There are 3. What are they? And define them.
- Visceral: Emanates from internal organs, described as deep ache, pressure or dull
- Somatic: Emanates from muscles and tissues, described as throbbing, aching or stabbing
- Neuropathic: Emanates from NS
What are the 4 types of Laxatives? And what is their method of action?
- Osmotic Laxatives: water is retained, or pulled back into the colon
- Stimulant Laxatives: causes an increase in peristalsis by irritating the smooth muscle of the intestinal wall
- Faecal Softener: hold water molecules in the faecal matter, making them softer and easier to pass
- Bulk Forming Laxatives: adds bulk to colonic contents, which stimulates movements and the defecation reflex
Name 3 factors that can increase one’s susceptibility to infection?
- Age
- Exposure to pathogens
- Inadequate immunological defences
“Antibiotics Can Protect The Queens Men, Servants and Guards” is the mnemonic for the Classes of Antibiotics. What are they called?
Aminoglycoside
Cephalosporins
Penicillin
Tetracyclines
Quinolones/Fluroquinolones
Macrolides
Sulponamides
Glycopeptides
Which 2 Classes of Antibiotics kill only gram+ bacteria?
- Macrolides
- Glycopeptides
Which Class of Antibiotics kill only gram- bacteria?
Aminoglycosides
Which 5 Classes of Antibiotics kill gram+ and gram- bacteria?
- Cephalosporins
- Penicillin
- Tetracyclines
- Quinolones/Fluroquinolones
- Sulponamides
Name an example of all 8 Classes of Antibiotics in order of the mnemonic.
- Gentamicin
- Cefazolin
- Ampicillin
- Tetracycline
- Ciproflaxin
- Erythromycin
- Sulfamethoxazole
- Vancomycin
Which 3 Classes of Antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis?
- Aminoglycoside
- Tetracycline
- Macrolide
Which 3 Classes of Antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis?
- Cephalosporins
- Penicillins
- Glycopeptides
Which Class of Antibiotics inhibits DNA replication?
Quinolones/Fluroquinolones
Which Class of Antibiotics inhibits folate synthesis?
Sulponamides
What is Digoxin used for?
Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter and Heart Failure
What can Digoxin Toxicity cause?
Nausea, Vomiting and Blurred Vision
What should always be monitored before administering Digoxin?
Heart Rate; if less than 60 beats/min, do not administer
What are 3 examples of Anti-Coagulants?
Heparin, Enoxaparin, Warfarin
