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1807 - Safe Administration of Medications > EOT Exam Prep > Flashcards

EOT Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula to calculate Dose?

A

Strength Required (SR)/Stock Strength (SS) x Volume

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2
Q

A patient requires 5mg of Zyrtec. Each tablet contains 10mg of Zyrtec. Use the formula to calculate the appropriate dose.

A

SR/SS x Volume
5mg/10mg x 1
= 0.5mg (1/2 a tablet)

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3
Q

What are the 3 Routes of Administration?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Topical
  3. Parenteral
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4
Q

What are the 3 Oral Routes of Administration?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Sublingual (under tongue)
  3. Buccal (inside of cheeks)
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5
Q

What are the 5 Topical Routes of Administration?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous Membranes
  3. Inhalation
  4. Intraocular
  5. Intraotic
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6
Q

Name 3 Parenteral Routes of Administration

A
  1. Subcutaneous
  2. Intravenous
  3. Intramuscular
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7
Q

Define the following abbreviations:
IM, IV, NEB, PO, PR, SubCut, SubLing, Topical

A

Intramuscular, Intravenous, Nebulised, Oral, Per rectum, Subcutaneous, Sublingual, Topical

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8
Q

Explain Pharmacodynamics.

A

What the drug does to the body

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9
Q

Explain Pharmacokinetics.

A

How the drug is altered as it travels through the body

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10
Q

What are the 2 Major Types of Pharmacologic Action?

A
  1. Drugs which change the environment of body cells
  2. Drugs which bind to receptors on cell membranes and alter cellular physiology
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11
Q

Name 3 factors in which the affects of drugs could be altered.

A
  1. Age
  2. Drug interactions
  3. Weight
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12
Q

What are the 4 important processes of Pharmacokinetics?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
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13
Q

Define Artificial Agonists.

A

Mimics natural agonists within the body, binding to receptors to create the same effect

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14
Q

Define Natural Agonists.

A

Substances within the body that have evolved to produce a response when they bind to and “switch on” a receptor

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15
Q

Define Antagonists.

A

Binds to cell’s receptor and blocks access to the receptor from agonists in the body

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16
Q

What are the 3 names one drug is given?

A
  1. Chemical name
  2. Approved name (generic)
  3. Proprietary name (brand)
    E.g. Amoxyl
    Chemical name: a-amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin trihydrate
    Approved name: Amoxycillin
    Brand name: Alphamox, Amoxil, Moxacin
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17
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -cillin

A

Antibiotics, Penicillin

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18
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -olol

A

Beta Blockers, Metoprolol

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19
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -statin

A

HMG-CoA Inhibitors, Simvastatin

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20
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -pril

A

ACE Inhibitors, Ramipril

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21
Q

Name the Drug Group and an Example of a medication with suffix; -azepam

A

Benzodiazepines, Diazepam

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22
Q

Explain the Swiss Cheese Model.

A

Every step in a process has the potential for failure, we need to identify holes in the layers of defence

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23
Q

APINCHS is the mnemonic for High Risk Medications. Define it.

A

Antimicrobials
Potassium and other electrolytes
Insulin
Narcotics
Chemotherapeutic agents
Heparin and other anticoagulants
Systems

24
Q

What are the 2 Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous System (fight or flight)
  2. Parasympathetic Nervous System (rest and digest)
25
Q

What effects does the Sympathetic Nervous System have on the body?

A

Eyes: pupils dilate
Salivary Glands: dry mouth
Sweat Glands: increased sweat secretion
Heart: Increased HR
Lungs: bronchioles dilate
Digestive System: decreased activity
Urinary System: relaxed bladder sphincter

26
Q

What effects does the Parasympathetic Nervous System have on the body?

A

Eyes: pupils constricts
Salivary Glands: increased saliva production
Heart: decreased HR
Lungs: bronchioles constricts
Digestive System: increased peristalsis
Urinary System: constricts bladder sphincter

27
Q

Define Adrenergic Pharmacology.

A

Drugs that block or increase SNS response

28
Q

Define Cholinergic Pharmacology.

A

Drugs that block or increase PNS response

29
Q

Define Agonist Pharmacology.

A

Stimulates/Mimics PNS and SNS Systems

30
Q

Define Antagonist Pharmacology.

A

Blocks/Inhibits PNS and SNS Systems

31
Q

Name 5 effects Alpha 1 Agonists have.

A
  1. Vasoconstriction and increased BP
  2. Pupil dilation
  3. Constipation
  4. Urinary retention
  5. Sweating
32
Q

What can Alpha 1 Agonists be used for? And what do you monitor following administration?

A

Use: Hypotension
Monitor: HR, BP and urine output

33
Q

Name 5 effects Alpha 1 Antagonists have.

A
  1. Vasodilation and decreased BP
  2. Pupil constriction
  3. Impotence
  4. Increased peristalsis
  5. Dry mouth
34
Q

Name 5 effects Beta 1 Agonists have.

A
  1. Increased HR
  2. Increased BP
  3. Constipation
  4. Headache
  5. Sweating
35
Q

Name 3 effects Beta 1 Antagonists have. And 3 Side Effects.

A
  1. Decreased HR
  2. Increased gut motility
  3. Decreased BP
  4. Hypotension
  5. Bradycardia
  6. Lethargy
36
Q

What are the 2 Cholinergic Receptors called?

A
  1. Nicotinic: responds to stimulation by nicotine
  2. Muscarinic: responds to ACh
37
Q

Name the 5 types of Chemical Mediators.

A
  1. Histamines
  2. Prostaglandins
  3. Cytokines
  4. Serotonin
  5. Nitric Oxide
38
Q

What are the 3 Chemical Mediators for Inflammatiom?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Prostaglandins
  3. Cytokines
39
Q

Define NSAID.

A

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

40
Q

What effects do NSAIDs have?

A
  1. Inhibits COX enzymes
  2. Inhibits COX-1 enzymes
  3. Inhibits COX-2 ezymes
41
Q

What are the 2 types of pain? And how do they differ?

A
  1. Acute: lasts for a short time
  2. Chronic: lasts beyond expected time
42
Q

Pain can be categorised by the location of origin. There are 3. What are they? And define them.

A
  1. Visceral: Emanates from internal organs, described as deep ache, pressure or dull
  2. Somatic: Emanates from muscles and tissues, described as throbbing, aching or stabbing
  3. Neuropathic: Emanates from NS
43
Q

What are the 4 types of Laxatives? And what is their method of action?

A
  1. Osmotic Laxatives: water is retained, or pulled back into the colon
  2. Stimulant Laxatives: causes an increase in peristalsis by irritating the smooth muscle of the intestinal wall
  3. Faecal Softener: hold water molecules in the faecal matter, making them softer and easier to pass
  4. Bulk Forming Laxatives: adds bulk to colonic contents, which stimulates movements and the defecation reflex
44
Q

Name 3 factors that can increase one’s susceptibility to infection?

A
  1. Age
  2. Exposure to pathogens
  3. Inadequate immunological defences
45
Q

“Antibiotics Can Protect The Queens Men, Servants and Guards” is the mnemonic for the Classes of Antibiotics. What are they called?

A

Aminoglycoside
Cephalosporins
Penicillin
Tetracyclines
Quinolones/Fluroquinolones
Macrolides
Sulponamides
Glycopeptides

46
Q

Which 2 Classes of Antibiotics kill only gram+ bacteria?

A
  1. Macrolides
  2. Glycopeptides
47
Q

Which Class of Antibiotics kill only gram- bacteria?

A

Aminoglycosides

48
Q

Which 5 Classes of Antibiotics kill gram+ and gram- bacteria?

A
  1. Cephalosporins
  2. Penicillin
  3. Tetracyclines
  4. Quinolones/Fluroquinolones
  5. Sulponamides
49
Q

Name an example of all 8 Classes of Antibiotics in order of the mnemonic.

A
  1. Gentamicin
  2. Cefazolin
  3. Ampicillin
  4. Tetracycline
  5. Ciproflaxin
  6. Erythromycin
  7. Sulfamethoxazole
  8. Vancomycin
50
Q

Which 3 Classes of Antibiotics inhibits protein synthesis?

A
  1. Aminoglycoside
  2. Tetracycline
  3. Macrolide
51
Q

Which 3 Classes of Antibiotics inhibits cell wall synthesis?

A
  1. Cephalosporins
  2. Penicillins
  3. Glycopeptides
52
Q

Which Class of Antibiotics inhibits DNA replication?

A

Quinolones/Fluroquinolones

53
Q

Which Class of Antibiotics inhibits folate synthesis?

A

Sulponamides

54
Q

What is Digoxin used for?

A

Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter and Heart Failure

55
Q

What can Digoxin Toxicity cause?

A

Nausea, Vomiting and Blurred Vision

56
Q

What should always be monitored before administering Digoxin?

A

Heart Rate; if less than 60 beats/min, do not administer

57
Q

What are 3 examples of Anti-Coagulants?

A

Heparin, Enoxaparin, Warfarin

1807 - Safe Administration of Medications (17 decks)

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