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1807 - Safe Administration of Medications > Other > Flashcards

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1
Q

List 3 examples of active failures within the Swiss Cheese Model

A
  1. Slips
  2. Mistakes
  3. Procedural Violation
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2
Q

List 3 examples of latent conditions within the Swiss Cheese Model

A
  1. Inexperience
  2. Inadequate training
  3. Understaffing
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3
Q

What does “APINCHS” stand for?

A 
A - Antimicrobials
P - Potassium and other electrolytes
I - Insulin
N - Narcotics (opioids) and other sedatives
C - Chemotherapeutic agents
H - Heparin and other coagulants
S - Systems
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4
Q

Define “mane”

A

Morning

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5
Q

Define “nocte”

A

Night

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6
Q

Define “mmol”

A

Millimole

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7
Q

Define “prn”

A

When required

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8
Q

How many volunteers participate in “Phase 0” of clinical trials?

A

10-15

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9
Q

How many volunteers participate in “Phase 1” of clinical trials?

A

10-100

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10
Q

How many volunteers participate in “Phase 2” of clinical trials?

A

100-300

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11
Q

How many volunteers participate in “Phase 3” of clinical trials?

A

Several hundred - several thousand

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12
Q

Define the “First Pass Effect”

A

When a drug gets metabolised at a specific location in the body

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13
Q

List 3 side effects of opioid analgesics

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Drowsiness
  3. Respiratory depression
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14
Q

Name a side effect of laxatives

A

Diarrhoea

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15
Q

List 3 side effects of antibiotics

A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. Microbial resistance
  3. Allergy
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16
Q

List 3 side effects of antihypertensives

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Postural hypotension
  3. Bradycardia
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17
Q

Which nerve pathway does adrenergic pharmacology involve?

A

Sympathetic

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18
Q

Which neurotransmitter do adrenergic fibres release?

A

Noradrenaline

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19
Q

Where are the adrenergic receptors located?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Bronchi
  • Kidneys
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20
Q

Where is the Alpha 1 receptor located, and what does it do?

A

Located in smooth muscle, and causes increased BP, pupil dilation and decreases peristalsis

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21
Q

Where is the Alpha 2 receptor located, and what does it do?

A

Located in presynaptic neuron, and acts as ‘controllers’ of neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Where is the Beta 1 receptor located, and what does it do?

A

Located in heart and smooth muscles, and increases heart rate and CO

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23
Q

Where is the Beta 2 receptor located, and what does it do?

A

Located in bronchial smooth muscle, and causes bronchodilation

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24
Q

List 2 beta 1 antagonists (beta blockers), their classification and what they do.

A
  1. Atenolol
  2. Metoprolol
    -> anti-hypertensives
    Action:
    - decrease HR
    - decrease GIT motility (diarrhoea)
25
Name a beta 2 agonist, its classification and what it does.
1. Salbutamol -> ventolin Action: - increase BP and HR - decrease GIT motility -> constipation
26
Which NS does cholinergic pharmacology affect?
Both
27
Which neurotransmitter do cholinergic fibres release?
Acetylcholine
28
List 2 muscarinic antagonists, and what they do
1. Atropine injection 2. Atropine eye drops Action: - bronchodilation - tachycardia - decreased peristalsis
29
List 2 muscarinic agonists, and what they do
1. Bethanechol 2. Pilocarpine Action: - bradycardia - hypotension - pupil constriction
30
What are common adverse effects of nicotinic agonist drugs?
- cardiovascular stimulation - nausea - insomnia
31
Nursing considerations of nicotinic agonist drugs?
- monitor skeletal muscle weakness | - nicotine withdrawal symptoms
32
What are common side effects of anti-histamines?
- drowsiness | - dry mouth
33
Nursing considerations of anti-histamines?
- most 1st gen have a short duration of action | - sedating anti-histamines may promote sleep
34
What are the 2 types of pain?
1. Somatic - > arising from skin, bone, joint, muscles or connective tissue 2. Visceral - > arising from internal organs such as the large intestine or pancreas
35
What do nociceptors do?
Respond to tissue damage or potentially tissue damaging stimuli
36
List 4 non-specific COX inhibitors
1. Aspirin 2. Ibuprofen 3. Indomethicin 4. Diclofenac
37
List 2 specific COX 2 inhibitors
1. Celecoxib | 2. Paracoxib
38
Name the classification of NSAIDs
Analgesic
39
List 3 potential adverse effects of NSAIDs
1. Epigastric pain 2. Nausea and vomiting 3. GI bleeding
40
What are the 2 classifications of paracetamol?
1. Analgesic | 2. Anti-pyretic
41
What are the 2 classifications of aspirin?
1. Analgesic | 2. Anti-pyretic
42
List 3 nursing considerations of paracetamol
1. Use caution 2. Often combined with other OTC medications (cold/flu medicines) 3. Overdose can lead to liver failure
43
List 3 nursing considerations of aspirin
1. Soluble preparations should be dissolved in 1/2-1 glass of water for rapid absorption 2. Soluble and enteric coated preparations reduce gastric irritation 3. Patients should be advised to stop taking aspirin 1 week before any surgical procedure
44
List 3 effects of Narcotics
1. Pupil constriction 2. Decreased peristalsis 3. Decreased response to to CO2
45
List 4 commonly prescribed narcotics
1. Morphine 2. Codeine 3. Fentanyl 4. Oxycodone
46
List 3 nursing considerations of narcotics
1. Potential for hypotension 2. Potential for tolerance 3. Need to assess respiratory status
47
List 3 side effects of narcotics
1. Increased water absorption 2. Thickening of bowel content 3. Constipation
48
List 3 potential adverse effects of Narcotics
1. Nausea 2. Constipation 3. Blurred vision
49
What does an aperient do, and how?
Relieves constipation by mildly stimulating the bowels
50
List the 4 classifications of aperients
1. Osmotic 2. Stimulant 3. Faecal softeners 4. Bulk forming
51
Name the mechanism of action for osmotic laxatives
- Retains water into the colon by osmosis -> increases pressure
52
Name the mechanism of action for stimulant laxatives
- Increases peristalsis by irritating smooth muscles of intestinal wall
53
Name the mechanism of action for faecal softeners
- Holds water molecules in faecal matter to soften and pass
54
Name the mechanism of action for bulk forming laxatives
- Add bulk to colonic contents, stimulates bowel reflex
55
List 3 examples of osmotic laxatives
1. Sorbitol 2. Movicol 3. Lactulose
56
List 3 examples of stimulant laxatives
1. Castor oil 2. Sennosides 3. Bisacodyl
57
List 2 examples of faecal softeners
1. Coloxyl | 2. Paraffin
58
List 3 examples of bulk forming laxatives
1. Fybogel | 2. Metamucil
59
In which routes can aperients be administered?
Oral and PR

1807 - Safe Administration of Medications (17 decks)

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