Other Flashcards
List 3 examples of active failures within the Swiss Cheese Model
- Slips
- Mistakes
- Procedural Violation
List 3 examples of latent conditions within the Swiss Cheese Model
- Inexperience
- Inadequate training
- Understaffing
What does “APINCHS” stand for?
A - Antimicrobials P - Potassium and other electrolytes I - Insulin N - Narcotics (opioids) and other sedatives C - Chemotherapeutic agents H - Heparin and other coagulants S - Systems
Define “mane”
Morning
Define “nocte”
Night
Define “mmol”
Millimole
Define “prn”
When required
How many volunteers participate in “Phase 0” of clinical trials?
10-15
How many volunteers participate in “Phase 1” of clinical trials?
10-100
How many volunteers participate in “Phase 2” of clinical trials?
100-300
How many volunteers participate in “Phase 3” of clinical trials?
Several hundred - several thousand
Define the “First Pass Effect”
When a drug gets metabolised at a specific location in the body
List 3 side effects of opioid analgesics
- Constipation
- Drowsiness
- Respiratory depression
Name a side effect of laxatives
Diarrhoea
List 3 side effects of antibiotics
- Diarrhoea
- Microbial resistance
- Allergy
List 3 side effects of antihypertensives
- Hypotension
- Postural hypotension
- Bradycardia
Which nerve pathway does adrenergic pharmacology involve?
Sympathetic
Which neurotransmitter do adrenergic fibres release?
Noradrenaline
Where are the adrenergic receptors located?
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Bronchi
- Kidneys
Where is the Alpha 1 receptor located, and what does it do?
Located in smooth muscle, and causes increased BP, pupil dilation and decreases peristalsis
Where is the Alpha 2 receptor located, and what does it do?
Located in presynaptic neuron, and acts as ‘controllers’ of neurotransmitters
Where is the Beta 1 receptor located, and what does it do?
Located in heart and smooth muscles, and increases heart rate and CO
Where is the Beta 2 receptor located, and what does it do?
Located in bronchial smooth muscle, and causes bronchodilation
List 2 beta 1 antagonists (beta blockers), their classification and what they do.
- Atenolol
- Metoprolol
-> anti-hypertensives
Action:
- decrease HR
- decrease GIT motility (diarrhoea)
Name a beta 2 agonist, its classification and what it does.
- Salbutamol
-> ventolin
Action:
- increase BP and HR
- decrease GIT motility -> constipation
Which NS does cholinergic pharmacology affect?
Both
Which neurotransmitter do cholinergic fibres release?
Acetylcholine
List 2 muscarinic antagonists, and what they do
- Atropine injection
- Atropine eye drops
Action:
- bronchodilation
- tachycardia
- decreased peristalsis
List 2 muscarinic agonists, and what they do
- Bethanechol
- Pilocarpine
Action:
- bradycardia
- hypotension
- pupil constriction
What are common adverse effects of nicotinic agonist drugs?
- cardiovascular stimulation
- nausea
- insomnia
Nursing considerations of nicotinic agonist drugs?
- monitor skeletal muscle weakness
- nicotine withdrawal symptoms
What are common side effects of anti-histamines?
- drowsiness
- dry mouth
Nursing considerations of anti-histamines?
- most 1st gen have a short duration of action
- sedating anti-histamines may promote sleep
What are the 2 types of pain?
- Somatic
- > arising from skin, bone, joint, muscles or connective tissue - Visceral
- > arising from internal organs such as the large intestine or pancreas
What do nociceptors do?
Respond to tissue damage or potentially tissue damaging stimuli
List 4 non-specific COX inhibitors
- Aspirin
- Ibuprofen
- Indomethicin
- Diclofenac
List 2 specific COX 2 inhibitors
- Celecoxib
2. Paracoxib
Name the classification of NSAIDs
Analgesic
List 3 potential adverse effects of NSAIDs
- Epigastric pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- GI bleeding
What are the 2 classifications of paracetamol?
- Analgesic
2. Anti-pyretic
What are the 2 classifications of aspirin?
- Analgesic
2. Anti-pyretic
List 3 nursing considerations of paracetamol
- Use caution
- Often combined with other OTC medications (cold/flu medicines)
- Overdose can lead to liver failure
List 3 nursing considerations of aspirin
- Soluble preparations should be dissolved in 1/2-1 glass of water for rapid absorption
- Soluble and enteric coated preparations reduce gastric irritation
- Patients should be advised to stop taking aspirin 1 week before any surgical procedure
List 3 effects of Narcotics
- Pupil constriction
- Decreased peristalsis
- Decreased response to to CO2
List 4 commonly prescribed narcotics
- Morphine
- Codeine
- Fentanyl
- Oxycodone
List 3 nursing considerations of narcotics
- Potential for hypotension
- Potential for tolerance
- Need to assess respiratory status
List 3 side effects of narcotics
- Increased water absorption
- Thickening of bowel content
- Constipation
List 3 potential adverse effects of Narcotics
- Nausea
- Constipation
- Blurred vision
What does an aperient do, and how?
Relieves constipation by mildly stimulating the bowels
List the 4 classifications of aperients
- Osmotic
- Stimulant
- Faecal softeners
- Bulk forming
Name the mechanism of action for osmotic laxatives
- Retains water into the colon by osmosis -> increases pressure
Name the mechanism of action for stimulant laxatives
- Increases peristalsis by irritating smooth muscles of intestinal wall
Name the mechanism of action for faecal softeners
- Holds water molecules in faecal matter to soften and pass
Name the mechanism of action for bulk forming laxatives
- Add bulk to colonic contents, stimulates bowel reflex
List 3 examples of osmotic laxatives
- Sorbitol
- Movicol
- Lactulose
List 3 examples of stimulant laxatives
- Castor oil
- Sennosides
- Bisacodyl
List 2 examples of faecal softeners
- Coloxyl
2. Paraffin
List 3 examples of bulk forming laxatives
- Fybogel
2. Metamucil
In which routes can aperients be administered?
Oral and PR
