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1807 - Safe Administration of Medications > Other > Flashcards

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1
Q

List 3 examples of active failures within the Swiss Cheese Model

A
  1. Slips
  2. Mistakes
  3. Procedural Violation
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2
Q

List 3 examples of latent conditions within the Swiss Cheese Model

A
  1. Inexperience
  2. Inadequate training
  3. Understaffing
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3
Q

What does “APINCHS” stand for?

A 
A - Antimicrobials
P - Potassium and other electrolytes
I - Insulin
N - Narcotics (opioids) and other sedatives
C - Chemotherapeutic agents
H - Heparin and other coagulants
S - Systems
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4
Q

Define “mane”

A

Morning

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5
Q

Define “nocte”

A

Night

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6
Q

Define “mmol”

A

Millimole

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7
Q

Define “prn”

A

When required

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8
Q

How many volunteers participate in “Phase 0” of clinical trials?

A

10-15

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9
Q

How many volunteers participate in “Phase 1” of clinical trials?

A

10-100

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10
Q

How many volunteers participate in “Phase 2” of clinical trials?

A

100-300

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11
Q

How many volunteers participate in “Phase 3” of clinical trials?

A

Several hundred - several thousand

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12
Q

Define the “First Pass Effect”

A

When a drug gets metabolised at a specific location in the body

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13
Q

List 3 side effects of opioid analgesics

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Drowsiness
  3. Respiratory depression
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14
Q

Name a side effect of laxatives

A

Diarrhoea

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15
Q

List 3 side effects of antibiotics

A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. Microbial resistance
  3. Allergy
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16
Q

List 3 side effects of antihypertensives

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Postural hypotension
  3. Bradycardia
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17
Q

Which nerve pathway does adrenergic pharmacology involve?

A

Sympathetic

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18
Q

Which neurotransmitter do adrenergic fibres release?

A

Noradrenaline

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19
Q

Where are the adrenergic receptors located?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Bronchi
  • Kidneys
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20
Q

Where is the Alpha 1 receptor located, and what does it do?

A

Located in smooth muscle, and causes increased BP, pupil dilation and decreases peristalsis

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21
Q

Where is the Alpha 2 receptor located, and what does it do?

A

Located in presynaptic neuron, and acts as ‘controllers’ of neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Where is the Beta 1 receptor located, and what does it do?

A

Located in heart and smooth muscles, and increases heart rate and CO

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23
Q

Where is the Beta 2 receptor located, and what does it do?

A

Located in bronchial smooth muscle, and causes bronchodilation

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24
Q

List 2 beta 1 antagonists (beta blockers), their classification and what they do.

A
  1. Atenolol
  2. Metoprolol
    -> anti-hypertensives
    Action:
    - decrease HR
    - decrease GIT motility (diarrhoea)
25
Q

Name a beta 2 agonist, its classification and what it does.

A
  1. Salbutamol
    -> ventolin
    Action:
    - increase BP and HR
    - decrease GIT motility -> constipation
26
Q

Which NS does cholinergic pharmacology affect?

A

Both

27
Q

Which neurotransmitter do cholinergic fibres release?

A

Acetylcholine

28
Q

List 2 muscarinic antagonists, and what they do

A
  1. Atropine injection
  2. Atropine eye drops
    Action:
    - bronchodilation
    - tachycardia
    - decreased peristalsis
29
Q

List 2 muscarinic agonists, and what they do

A
  1. Bethanechol
  2. Pilocarpine
    Action:
    - bradycardia
    - hypotension
    - pupil constriction
30
Q

What are common adverse effects of nicotinic agonist drugs?

A
  • cardiovascular stimulation
  • nausea
  • insomnia
31
Q

Nursing considerations of nicotinic agonist drugs?

A
  • monitor skeletal muscle weakness

- nicotine withdrawal symptoms

32
Q

What are common side effects of anti-histamines?

A
  • drowsiness

- dry mouth

33
Q

Nursing considerations of anti-histamines?

A
  • most 1st gen have a short duration of action

- sedating anti-histamines may promote sleep

34
Q

What are the 2 types of pain?

A
  1. Somatic
    - > arising from skin, bone, joint, muscles or connective tissue
  2. Visceral
    - > arising from internal organs such as the large intestine or pancreas
35
Q

What do nociceptors do?

A

Respond to tissue damage or potentially tissue damaging stimuli

36
Q

List 4 non-specific COX inhibitors

A
  1. Aspirin
  2. Ibuprofen
  3. Indomethicin
  4. Diclofenac
37
Q

List 2 specific COX 2 inhibitors

A
  1. Celecoxib

2. Paracoxib

38
Q

Name the classification of NSAIDs

A

Analgesic

39
Q

List 3 potential adverse effects of NSAIDs

A
  1. Epigastric pain
  2. Nausea and vomiting
  3. GI bleeding
40
Q

What are the 2 classifications of paracetamol?

A
  1. Analgesic

2. Anti-pyretic

41
Q

What are the 2 classifications of aspirin?

A
  1. Analgesic

2. Anti-pyretic

42
Q

List 3 nursing considerations of paracetamol

A
  1. Use caution
  2. Often combined with other OTC medications (cold/flu medicines)
  3. Overdose can lead to liver failure
43
Q

List 3 nursing considerations of aspirin

A
  1. Soluble preparations should be dissolved in 1/2-1 glass of water for rapid absorption
  2. Soluble and enteric coated preparations reduce gastric irritation
  3. Patients should be advised to stop taking aspirin 1 week before any surgical procedure
44
Q

List 3 effects of Narcotics

A
  1. Pupil constriction
  2. Decreased peristalsis
  3. Decreased response to to CO2
45
Q

List 4 commonly prescribed narcotics

A
  1. Morphine
  2. Codeine
  3. Fentanyl
  4. Oxycodone
46
Q

List 3 nursing considerations of narcotics

A
  1. Potential for hypotension
  2. Potential for tolerance
  3. Need to assess respiratory status
47
Q

List 3 side effects of narcotics

A
  1. Increased water absorption
  2. Thickening of bowel content
  3. Constipation
48
Q

List 3 potential adverse effects of Narcotics

A
  1. Nausea
  2. Constipation
  3. Blurred vision
49
Q

What does an aperient do, and how?

A

Relieves constipation by mildly stimulating the bowels

50
Q

List the 4 classifications of aperients

A
  1. Osmotic
  2. Stimulant
  3. Faecal softeners
  4. Bulk forming
51
Q

Name the mechanism of action for osmotic laxatives

A
  • Retains water into the colon by osmosis -> increases pressure
52
Q

Name the mechanism of action for stimulant laxatives

A
  • Increases peristalsis by irritating smooth muscles of intestinal wall
53
Q

Name the mechanism of action for faecal softeners

A
  • Holds water molecules in faecal matter to soften and pass
54
Q

Name the mechanism of action for bulk forming laxatives

A
  • Add bulk to colonic contents, stimulates bowel reflex
55
Q

List 3 examples of osmotic laxatives

A
  1. Sorbitol
  2. Movicol
  3. Lactulose
56
Q

List 3 examples of stimulant laxatives

A
  1. Castor oil
  2. Sennosides
  3. Bisacodyl
57
Q

List 2 examples of faecal softeners

A
  1. Coloxyl

2. Paraffin

58
Q

List 3 examples of bulk forming laxatives

A
  1. Fybogel

2. Metamucil

59
Q

In which routes can aperients be administered?

A

Oral and PR

1807 - Safe Administration of Medications (17 decks)

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