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LING 3NL3 > Week 3- Speech perception 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Week 3- Speech perception 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Speech perception refers to….

A

how we identify the sounds of language (phonemes)

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2
Q

Spoken word recognition refers to …

A

how we recognize words

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3
Q

What is prelexical code?

A

–sound representations before a word is recognized

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4
Q

What is postlexical code?

A

-sound representations after a word has been identified

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5
Q

Phonemes in speech can be identified a lot faster than what type of sounds?

  • __+___+___+___ could be identified at 1.5 sounds per second
  • phonemes in speech can be identified at ____ per second or faster
A
  • separate non-speech sounds
  • buzz, hiss, tone, vowel
  • 20 exemplars
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6
Q

Spoken words in ____ can be identified about ____ ms from their onset

A

context, 200

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7
Q

When are words recognized more easily and faster?

A

-words in a meaningful context can be recognized more easily and faster than in isolation

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8
Q

Why can phonemes not be easily separated?

A

-they slur together

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9
Q

What is co-articulation?

Give an example.

A

-the pronunciation of a phoneme depends on the preceding and following phonemes, e.g. nasalization of / I/ in “pin” compared to “pig”

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10
Q

Do both hemispheres play causal roles in speech perception? Use the Hickock et al. study and other studies to give proof.

A
  • several studies show that even acute patients with unilateral left-hemisphere (LH) damage need manifest only moderate speech perception problems
  • Hickock et al., shows that auditory word recognition is bilaterally organized and approx. 72% of cases have bilateral fairly symmetric lesions
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11
Q

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.

  • speech contains information on different ___ ____?
    e. g., stop consonant discrimination approx. ___ ms, syllabic stress pattern recognition approx. ____ ms
A
  • time scales
  • 20-80
  • 150-300
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12
Q

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.

  • speech contains information on different __ ___
    e. g., stop consonant discrimination approx. ___ ms, syllabic stress pattern recognition approx. ____ ms
A
  • time scales
  • 20-80
  • 150-300
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13
Q

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.
Poeppel et al. (2003): both hemispheres initially create similar ____ representations of incoming sounds but later sample from these with different ____.

A

high-fidelity, rates

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14
Q

What is co-articulation?

Give an example.

A

-the pronunciation of a phoneme depends on the preceding and following phonemes, e.g. nasalization of /I/ in “pin” compared to “pig”

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15
Q

_______ makes faster speech possible

A

co-articulation

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16
Q

Explain Hickock’s and Poeppel’s Dual Stream Model of speech perception.

A

Main assumptions and components:

  • bilateral speech perception
  • difference between left and right sampling times
  • ventral (what) and dorsal (how) streams
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17
Q

Do both hemispheres play causal roles in speech perception?

A
  • test to match spoken word with one of four pictures (correct, phonological distractor, semantic distractor, unrelated distractor; e.g. bear, pear, moose, grapes)
  • auditory word recognition bilaterally organized
  • patients with word deafness have symptoms of variable severity
  • approx. 72% of cases have bilateral fairly symmetric lesions
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18
Q

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.
-speech contains information on different __ ___

A

-time scales

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19
Q

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.
Poeppel et al. (2003): both hemispheres initially create similar ____ representations of incoming sounds but later sample from these with different ____.

A

high-fidelity, rates

20
Q

Recognition of phonemes does not have to be based on the_____ of the phoneme in question alone

A

acoustic segments

21
Q

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH. Abrams et al. (2008): study of 9–12-year-old children listening to “The young boy left home.” What were the two effects?

A

Two effects: LH and RH suppression to concordance (match with inner speech), LH enhancement to unpredicted discordance

22
Q

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH. Abrams et al. (2008): study of 9–12-year-old children listening to “The young boy left home.” What were the results?

A

The left hemisphere showed greater sensitivity to phoneme/syllable-level discordance, the right to whole item discordance

23
Q

If the right hemisphere samples speech in larger chunks, what could aphasia from RH damage look like? (Discussion question)

A

-may fail to abstract the main point contained in the information being shared
-Inability to interpret body language and facial expressions
-Problems with Conversational Rules
-disorientation to time and direction
-difficulty interpreting visual stimuli
??

24
Q

If the right hemisphere samples speech in larger chunks, what might be a helpful therapy for LH fluent aphasia? (Discussion question)

A

-patients are asked to name pictures.
-Body Part Naming
-Oral sentence reading
??

25
Q

_____ reported in the 1970’s and 80’s for aphasic patients (e.g., Miceli, 1980):
-matching heard words to pictures vs. phoneme discrimination and identification
Give an example:

A

double dissociations

-e.g. matching /kæt/ with the animal and not the bed but failing to hear the difference between /kæt/ and /kɔt/

26
Q

Hickock & Poeppel: phoneme tasks recruit some of the same neural substrates as ____, which are separate areas from those recruited by word comprehension tasks

A

repetition

27
Q

What is lexical interface? Where is it located?

A
  • a relay station between phonological structures of words (middle STS bilaterally) and semantic structures of words (widely distributed)
  • located in pMTG and pITG in both hemispheres
28
Q

Damage to pMTG and pITG results in what type of aphasia?

A

transcortical sensory aphasia

29
Q

Lexical interface- Boatsman et al. (2000)
-six neurosurgical patients received direct electrical stimulation in implanted electrode arrays
Electrode pairs in pMTG resulted in symptoms of what type of aphasia?

A

-transcortical sensory aphasia

30
Q

Lexical interface- Dronkers et al. (2004)
-64 chronic aphasia patients performed a battery of 11 sentence-picture comprehension tests
What kind of mapping?
What types of sentences were affected?

A
  • voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping

- all but simple sentence types affected

31
Q

Rogalsky and Hickock (2009): two tasks:

A
  • detect syntactic anomaly (The plumber with the glasses were installing the sink.)
  • detect semantic anomaly (The infant was spilling some carpet on the milk.)
32
Q

Talk about the findings from Rogalsky & Hickock (2009):

A

-the whole ATL (anterior temporal lobe) ROI (region of interest) responded more strongly during active tasks than passive listening
-most of the ROI was equally sensitive to semantic and syntactic attention
-a small cluster of voxels showed semantic > syntactic pattern
-no voxels showed syntactic > semantic pattern
=> syntax and semantics processed together in ATL

33
Q

The ventral stream: from what to what

The dorsal stream: from what to what

A

The ventral stream: from sound to meaning

The dorsal stream: from sound to speech

34
Q

Sensorimotor interface.

-the most posterior portion of the supratemporal plane is called

A

-planum temporale (PT)

35
Q

Sensorimotor interface.

  • based on cell analysis, consist of __ different fields
  • includes ____
A
  • four

- area spt (sylvian-parietal-temporal)

36
Q

spt (sylvian-parietal-temporal) appears to…

A

-it appears to translate between sound-based phonological network in the temporal lobe and motor-based articulatory network in the posterior frontal lobe

37
Q

Based on cell analysis, the sensorimotor interface consists of __ different fields
-includes ____

A
  • four

- area spt (sylvian-parietal-temporal)

38
Q

Articulatory network includes areas involved in ___ and ___ speech and it provides what? …

A
  • overt and covert speech
  • provides neural substrate for auditory-verbal short-term memory (STM) = the phonological loop in Baddeley & Hitch’s working memory (WM) model
39
Q

Articulatory network supports … and allows …

A
  • supports digit span, repetition of pseudowords and nonwords
  • allows recycling phonological material in mental rehearsal based on internal (covert) speech
40
Q

Articulatory network supports…

A

-supports digit span, repetition of pseudowords and nonwords

41
Q

Articulatory network includes areas involved in what types of speech? and it provides what? …

A
  • overt and covert speech
  • provides neural substrate for auditory-verbal short-term memory (STM) = the phonological loop in Baddeley & Hitch’s working memory (WM) model
42
Q

Articulatory network supports…

A

-supports digit span, repetition of pseudowords and nonwords

43
Q

Articulatory network is also involved in speech perception.
-data from aphasic patients (e.g., Miceli, 1980) suggest that tasks of phoneme monitoring or phonological awareness, such as identifying or discriminating between single phonemes rely on _____ and integrity of the ____ stream

A

auditory-verbal STM, dorsal

44
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows…

A

selective enhancement or interference with processing in targeted brain regions

45
Q

D’Ausilio et al. (2009).
-targeted lip and tongue areas in the left primary motor cortex
-there were two syllables with “lip sounds” /bæ/ and /pæ/ and two syllables with “tongue sounds”: /dæ/ and /tæ/ embedded in white noise
-TMS pulses were delivered either to lip or tongue motor areas 50 ms before consonant onset
-pulses to the lip area improved identification of labial consonants and TMS pulses to the tongue area improved identification of the two dental consonants
What were the results?

A

=> motor stimulation effects on speech perception

LING 3NL3 (16 decks)

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