Speech Production (1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lemma

A

no form or pronunciation

you know the specific meaning of a word and maybe some grammatical features but not the word itself

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2
Q

Describe conceptual focusing

A

its the starting point of speech production

  • thinking for speech (focusing on a concept)
  • selection of perspective (talking about a chair to the right or left of you or the listener)
  • theory of mind: ability to imagine the listeners knowledge
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3
Q

What’s a lemma model

A

its a feed forward system (one way)
it explains the process of thought to speech
lexical nodes bind together semantic features of concepts

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the lemma model

A

1) Lexical selection: focusing on a concept and picking a lemma (characteristics)
2) Form encoding: finding the phonological codes for the concept and mapping it onto a word for articulatory production

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5
Q

4 tasks involved in brain imaging studies for the lemma model

A

1) picture naming
2) associative word generation
3) word reading
4) pseudo word reading

all involve different processes and different parts of the lemma model

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6
Q

Conceptual focusing experiment

A

pic naming and word gen. in block condition vs. mix condition

anterior temporal region: nodes tying together features

high activation in left IFG (Broca) during block condition probably due to repetition priming (seeing the same stimulus in the mix condition)

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7
Q

Lemma Selection Experiment

A

Pic naming and word gen vs. word and pseudo word reading (driven by lemma selection vs. not)

left mid MTG activated (links phonological structure to semantic structure)

stimulation of MTG did not effect pic naming (output) but it did effect word comprehension (input)

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8
Q

Retrieval of morphemic phonological codes experiment

A

Pic naming and word gen, word reading vs. pseudo word reading- finding phonological codes

Left posterior STG/STS (Wernicke), MTG, left anterior insula and SMA activated

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9
Q

Prosodification and syllabification experiment

A

there’s syllabification in all 4 tasks

activated left post. IFG suggested to be involved in syllabification of a word

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10
Q

Phonetic encoding and articulation

A

see DIVA model

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11
Q

Self Monitoring

A

lemma model has 2 feedback loops

1) external: acoustic signal from own voice
2) internal: syllabification process

word production vs. word comprehension
-activation in posterior 2/3’s of bilateral temp. region for both loops

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12
Q

Is there really a lemma model for speech production

A

the model is not compatible to patients who have semantic errors in speech (but not in written speech)

SOLUTION: direct connection from semantics to phonological or orthographic representations = no lemmas

they remain controversial

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13
Q

Is there really a lemma model for speech production

A

the model is not compatible to patients who have semantic errors in speech (but not in written speech)

SOLUTION: direct connection from semantics to phonological or orthographic representations = no lemmas

they remain controversial

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14
Q

What’s the DIVA model

A

synthesized speech
model integrating speech science, computer science and cognitive science
tries to recreate human speech

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15
Q

What are the two components of DIVA

A

1) produces the sound (receives input and abstract word form is mapped to physical word form)
2) what we want to say (target) - checking to make sure what we said matches what we wanted to say

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16
Q

DIVA initiation maps

A

it kicks off the planned speech as it is being mapped out (how the commands can produce what you want to say)

17
Q

Is DIVA a feedforward control system

A

yes

18
Q

A speech sound map consists of

A

units of phonemes, syllables and chunked phrases

in Broca’s area

19
Q

Apraxia of speech is cause from damage to the..

A

IFG (Broca’s aphasia or progressive non-fluent aphasia)

disorder of articulation planning

20
Q

Units from the speech sound map inhibits or excites articulators?

A

excites (lips, tongue, palate etc.)

21
Q

T/F, units in the speech map are organized somatotopically?

A

true, if they are physically beside each other, they are also represented beside each other in the motor cortex

22
Q

spastic dysarthria

A

reduction of speech and range/accuracy of articulatory movements
damage to motor cortex bilaterally

23
Q

Locked in condition and DIVA (implicated electrode in patients brain)

A

they can synthesize speech from a patient who could not speak… after an hour of training they could formulate vowels through DIVA

24
Q

Ataxic dysarthria

A

slurred and poorly coordinated speech

Medial cerebellum damage (position map for articulators)

25
Q

Ataxic dysarthria

A

slurred and poorly coordinated speech

Medial cerebellum damage (position map for articulators)

26
Q

Initiation map (last component of DIVA)

A
module that sends the "go" signal to the prepared motor commands 
each unit of sound has a match on the initiation map, also on position map 

Basal ganglia and SMA (supplementary motor area)

27
Q

Damage to Basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s disease

28
Q

Damage to SMA

A

akinetic mutism (spontaneous speech and movement reduced)

29
Q

Forward model of speech control

A

predicting how planned motor actions will feel

picking up something heavy vs. something light

30
Q

Inverse model of speech control

A

prediction of the motor commands required to achieve a target state

hitting a bullseye with a dart
tends to be harder

31
Q

Forward model in DIVA

A

speech sound map to auditory and somatosensory components of speech

32
Q

expected and actual feedback from speech is compared in..

A

the auditory error map located in cerebellum

33
Q

units of speech that correspond to expected feedback are…

A

inhibited by auditory target map

-units of sounds that should be there but are not

34
Q

units of speech that correspond to actual feedback are…

A

excited by the auditory state map

-units of sounds that are there but shouldn’t be

35
Q

describe the feedback control in DIVA

A

Auditory error map projects feedback which sends corrective commands to articulator velocity and position maps (aka. motor commands)

36
Q

What happens to patients with schizophrenia when they have auditory hallucinations

A

there is a disconnection in the feedback system so they can’t distinguish the effects of self generated activation of sound and external context

during hallucinations the auditory cortex is most active and the frontal temporal network doesn’t seem to work properly