Object Nouns 1 & 2 Flashcards
What are the three general types of words in the brain?
- object nouns
- action verbs
- abstract words
What are the three general types of words in the brain?
- object nouns
- action verbs
- abstract words
What are the two theories of object word meaning?
- Amodal Symbolic Model
- Grounded Cognition Model
Describe the Amodal Symbolic Model
word meanings consist of abstract features(not necessarily sensory)
Can think about word meaning without being mapped onto something we interact with in the real world
Describe the Grounded Cognition Model
word meanings consist of a network of sensory motor features reflecting our experience
-all meanings are connected to what our bodies can do with the world
How is a banana described by the Amodal Symbolic Model
[+fruit] [+yellow] [+long] [+peel]
How is a banana described by the Grounded Cognition Model?
Every time we hear the word banana, we will activate diffused network of related things:
- how a banana feels
- how a banana tastes
- how a banana smells
- we probably don’t have any auditory connections with the word banana
Describe the Hub and Spoke Model
the idea that concrete object concepts are represented by modality-specific systems for perception and action (the spokes) as well as an amodal integrative system (the hub) in the ATLs
Describe the Hub and Spoke Model
the idea that concrete object concepts are represented by modality-specific systems for perception and action (the spokes) as well as an amodal integrative system (the hub) in the ATLs
What were some names involved in applying the grounded (embodied) theory in brain research?
- Carl Wernicke
- William Henry Broadbent
- Heinrich Lissaur
- Elizabeth Warrington
- Antonio and Hanna Damasio
What are the two main areas in the brain for colour processing?
- V4
- V4α
Describe area V4
- retiontopically organized
- located in the lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe
- used for passive sensation
Damage to area V4 causes __________
achromatopsia - impairment of conscious colour
Describe area V4α
- not retinotopically organized
- located in the fusiform gyrus (ventral BA20)
- used in active colour discrimination in colour sorting tasks
Damage to area V4α causes ______
colour agnosia - impairment of colour-object associations
Describe the Simmons et al (2007) study and its results.
Subject hears a word like eggplant and had to say whether it is purple or not, hears a word like football and has to say whether it can be thrown or not.
- overlap of areas activated by colour and motor decisions = area V4α
What model of object word meaning does the Simmons et al (2007) support?
Grounded cognition model - activation of colour areas in the brain when thinking about a word
The ventral occipital cortex has specific sensory areas for …
perception of the shape of body parts, animals, tools, places, words
What were the results of the Chao et al (1999) study involving picture naming and property verification?
The same areas within the ventral occipital cortex also represent the corresponding concepts
What were the results of the Chao et al (1999) study involving picture naming and property verification?
The same areas within the ventral occipital cortex also represent the corresponding concepts
What were the results of the Wheatley et al (2005) lexical decision task?
Increased similarity between the prime and target word decreased ventral temporal activation
Perception of motion is found where?
posterolateral temporal cortex
Motor programming during tool use activates what areas of the brain?
intraparietal sulcus (aIPS), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and ventral premotor cortex (vPMC)
Damage to aIPS/SMG causes _______
ideational apraxia - inability to remember how tools are used
pSTG, pSTS, pMTG process what?
- speech
- non-linguistic environmental sounds
What brain area in both hemispheres is involved in the recognition of flavours, and the computation of reward value?
orbitofrontal cortex
___________ areas involved in colour perception
ventral temporal areas
___________ areas involved in colour perception
ventral temporal areas
___________ areas involved in shape perception
ventral temporal areas
___________ areas involved in motion perception
lateral temporal areas
___________ areas involved in motor programming
parietal and frontal areas
___________ areas involved in auditory perception
superior/middle temporal areas
___________ areas involved in smell and taste perception
orbitofrontal areas
___________ areas involved in smell and taste perception
orbitofrontal areas
In the Hub and Spoke Model, where are the abstract, modal hubs thought to reside?
left and right anterior temporal lobes (ATLs)
What is the purpose of the amodal hubs in the Hub and Spoke model?
they bind together typical and less typical features, sometimes encountered separately
Semantic dementia involves atrophy where?
in both left and right ATLs
With the atrophy of semantic dementia, what abilities deteriorate?
- ability to name pictures
- ability to match words with pictures
- ability to sort words or pictures based on similarity etc.
Describe the Binnet et al (2012) fMRI study testing the Hub and Spoke Model
Task: which is most similar to rogue: scoundrel, polka, gasket? fMRI showed most activation in left ATL areas where SD patients had atrophy
-rTMS to inferolateral ATL slowed synonym but not number judgments
Describe the Binnet et al (2012) fMRI study testing the Hub and Spoke Model
Task: which is most similar to rogue: scoundrel, polka, gasket? fMRI showed most activation in left ATL areas where SD patients had atrophy
-rTMS to inferolateral ATL slowed synonym but not number judgments
Name some category specific deficits
- series of case studies on patients with specific naming deficits ex. living vs. non-living things
- common dissociations: animals vs. fruit & vegetables vs. tools
-common aetiology: herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) leading to bilateral ATL damage
Patient KC had impaired _____ concepts after HSE
animal
Patient RS had impaired ______________ after a stroke (damaged left ventral/medial temporal areas etc.)
fruit/vegetable
Patient YOT with impairment of ___________ after a stroke (left frontoparietal region)
object concepts
What are the hypotheses for explaining category-specific deficits?
- Differential Weighting Hypothesis
- Distributed-Domain Specific Hypothesis
Patient RS had impaired ______________ after a stroke (damaged left ventral/medial temporal areas etc.)
fruit/vegetable
Patient YOT with impairment of ___________ after a stroke (left frontoparietal region)
object concepts
What are the hypotheses for explaining category-specific deficits?
- Differential Weighting Hypothesis
- Distributed-Domain Specific Hypothesis
Describe the Differential Weighting Hypothesis:
Different domains of object concepts are characterized by different mixtures and
“weightings” of modality-specific features, and this causes them to gravitate, over the course of cognitive development, toward different networks of brain regions.
How does the Differential Weighting Hypothesis explain category specific deficits
disrupting a particular region that is functionally more important for one conceptual domain than
for others may be sufficient to generate a category-specific deficit.
List the three challenges for the Differential Weighting Hypothesis
- some patients with category-specific deficits for living things have impairments for all types of knowledge about the effected concepts (visual/perceptual as well as functional/associative)
- even if a sensory/motor channel s important for a particular conceptual category, it is not always impaired in patients with a deficit for that category
- even if a sensory/motor channel is important for a particular conceptual category, damage to it is not always associated with a deficit for that category
Describe the Distributed Domain-Specific Hypothesis
the major factor driving the neural architecture of object concepts is domain, with the three most evolutionarily relevant domains - animals, fruits/vegetables, and tools - being innately programmed
How does the Distributed Domain Specific Hypothesis explain category-specific deficits
Domain shapes the neural architecture of object concepts also at a more abstract conceptual level that is differentiated by category, thereby allowing for the possibility of category-specific deficits.
How does the Distributed Domain Specific Hypothesis explain category-specific deficits
Domain shapes the neural architecture of object concepts also at a more abstract conceptual level that is differentiated by category, thereby allowing for the possibility of category-specific deficits.
What are the challenges for the Distributed Domain Specific Hypothesis?
- the explanation has a circular flavour: category-specific disorders are explained by assuming category-specific areas in the brain
- there is little other evidence for such an abstract level of category-specific representation
- this level would add a 3rd level to the Hub and Spoke Model
- if innate: when and how does it emerge in development
- representation vs. access?
Category specific deficits have been reported in other types of patients for what three main object domains:
- animal deficits
- fruit/vegetable deficits
- tool deficits
Animal deficits are usually caused by what?
lesions often in bilateral ventral and medial sectors of the mid-to-anterior temporal lobes.
Fruit/vegetable deficits are usually caused by what?
lesions often in unilateral left mid-fusiform gyrus
Tool deficits are usually caused by what?
lesions often in unilateral left lateral temporal (pMTG), inferior parietal (aIPS/SMG), and/or inferior frontal (vPMC) regions
