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LING 3NL3 > Object Nouns 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Object Nouns 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three general types of words in the brain?

A
  • object nouns
  • action verbs
  • abstract words
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2
Q

What are the three general types of words in the brain?

A
  • object nouns
  • action verbs
  • abstract words
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3
Q

What are the two theories of object word meaning?

A
  • Amodal Symbolic Model

- Grounded Cognition Model

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4
Q

Describe the Amodal Symbolic Model

A

word meanings consist of abstract features(not necessarily sensory)

Can think about word meaning without being mapped onto something we interact with in the real world

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5
Q

Describe the Grounded Cognition Model

A

word meanings consist of a network of sensory motor features reflecting our experience

-all meanings are connected to what our bodies can do with the world

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6
Q

How is a banana described by the Amodal Symbolic Model

A

[+fruit] [+yellow] [+long] [+peel]

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7
Q

How is a banana described by the Grounded Cognition Model?

A

Every time we hear the word banana, we will activate diffused network of related things:

  • how a banana feels
  • how a banana tastes
  • how a banana smells
  • we probably don’t have any auditory connections with the word banana
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8
Q

Describe the Hub and Spoke Model

A

the idea that concrete object concepts are represented by modality-specific systems for perception and action (the spokes) as well as an amodal integrative system (the hub) in the ATLs

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9
Q

Describe the Hub and Spoke Model

A

the idea that concrete object concepts are represented by modality-specific systems for perception and action (the spokes) as well as an amodal integrative system (the hub) in the ATLs

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10
Q

What were some names involved in applying the grounded (embodied) theory in brain research?

A
  • Carl Wernicke
  • William Henry Broadbent
  • Heinrich Lissaur
  • Elizabeth Warrington
  • Antonio and Hanna Damasio
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11
Q

What are the two main areas in the brain for colour processing?

A
  • V4

- V4α

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12
Q

Describe area V4

A
  • retiontopically organized
  • located in the lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe
  • used for passive sensation
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13
Q

Damage to area V4 causes __________

A

achromatopsia - impairment of conscious colour

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14
Q

Describe area V4α

A
  • not retinotopically organized
  • located in the fusiform gyrus (ventral BA20)
  • used in active colour discrimination in colour sorting tasks
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15
Q

Damage to area V4α causes ______

A

colour agnosia - impairment of colour-object associations

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16
Q

Describe the Simmons et al (2007) study and its results.

A

Subject hears a word like eggplant and had to say whether it is purple or not, hears a word like football and has to say whether it can be thrown or not.

  • overlap of areas activated by colour and motor decisions = area V4α
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17
Q

What model of object word meaning does the Simmons et al (2007) support?

A

Grounded cognition model - activation of colour areas in the brain when thinking about a word

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18
Q

The ventral occipital cortex has specific sensory areas for …

A

perception of the shape of body parts, animals, tools, places, words

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19
Q

What were the results of the Chao et al (1999) study involving picture naming and property verification?

A

The same areas within the ventral occipital cortex also represent the corresponding concepts

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20
Q

What were the results of the Chao et al (1999) study involving picture naming and property verification?

A

The same areas within the ventral occipital cortex also represent the corresponding concepts

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21
Q

What were the results of the Wheatley et al (2005) lexical decision task?

A

Increased similarity between the prime and target word decreased ventral temporal activation

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22
Q

Perception of motion is found where?

A

posterolateral temporal cortex

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23
Q

Motor programming during tool use activates what areas of the brain?

A

intraparietal sulcus (aIPS), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), and ventral premotor cortex (vPMC)

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24
Q

Damage to aIPS/SMG causes _______

A

ideational apraxia - inability to remember how tools are used

25
Q

pSTG, pSTS, pMTG process what?

A
  • speech

- non-linguistic environmental sounds

26
Q

What brain area in both hemispheres is involved in the recognition of flavours, and the computation of reward value?

A

orbitofrontal cortex

27
Q

___________ areas involved in colour perception

A

ventral temporal areas

28
Q

___________ areas involved in colour perception

A

ventral temporal areas

29
Q

___________ areas involved in shape perception

A

ventral temporal areas

30
Q

___________ areas involved in motion perception

A

lateral temporal areas

31
Q

___________ areas involved in motor programming

A

parietal and frontal areas

32
Q

___________ areas involved in auditory perception

A

superior/middle temporal areas

33
Q

___________ areas involved in smell and taste perception

A

orbitofrontal areas

34
Q

___________ areas involved in smell and taste perception

A

orbitofrontal areas

35
Q

In the Hub and Spoke Model, where are the abstract, modal hubs thought to reside?

A

left and right anterior temporal lobes (ATLs)

36
Q

What is the purpose of the amodal hubs in the Hub and Spoke model?

A

they bind together typical and less typical features, sometimes encountered separately

37
Q

Semantic dementia involves atrophy where?

A

in both left and right ATLs

38
Q

With the atrophy of semantic dementia, what abilities deteriorate?

A
  • ability to name pictures
  • ability to match words with pictures
  • ability to sort words or pictures based on similarity etc.
39
Q

Describe the Binnet et al (2012) fMRI study testing the Hub and Spoke Model

A

Task: which is most similar to rogue: scoundrel, polka, gasket? fMRI showed most activation in left ATL areas where SD patients had atrophy

-rTMS to inferolateral ATL slowed synonym but not number judgments

40
Q

Describe the Binnet et al (2012) fMRI study testing the Hub and Spoke Model

A

Task: which is most similar to rogue: scoundrel, polka, gasket? fMRI showed most activation in left ATL areas where SD patients had atrophy

-rTMS to inferolateral ATL slowed synonym but not number judgments

41
Q

Name some category specific deficits

A
  • series of case studies on patients with specific naming deficits ex. living vs. non-living things
  • common dissociations: animals vs. fruit & vegetables vs. tools

-common aetiology: herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) leading to bilateral ATL damage

42
Q

Patient KC had impaired _____ concepts after HSE

A

animal

43
Q

Patient RS had impaired ______________ after a stroke (damaged left ventral/medial temporal areas etc.)

A

fruit/vegetable

44
Q

Patient YOT with impairment of ___________ after a stroke (left frontoparietal region)

A

object concepts

45
Q

What are the hypotheses for explaining category-specific deficits?

A
  • Differential Weighting Hypothesis

- Distributed-Domain Specific Hypothesis

46
Q

Patient RS had impaired ______________ after a stroke (damaged left ventral/medial temporal areas etc.)

A

fruit/vegetable

47
Q

Patient YOT with impairment of ___________ after a stroke (left frontoparietal region)

A

object concepts

48
Q

What are the hypotheses for explaining category-specific deficits?

A
  • Differential Weighting Hypothesis

- Distributed-Domain Specific Hypothesis

49
Q

Describe the Differential Weighting Hypothesis:

A

Different domains of object concepts are characterized by different mixtures and
“weightings” of modality-specific features, and this causes them to gravitate, over the course of cognitive development, toward different networks of brain regions.

50
Q

How does the Differential Weighting Hypothesis explain category specific deficits

A

disrupting a particular region that is functionally more important for one conceptual domain than
for others may be sufficient to generate a category-specific deficit.

51
Q

List the three challenges for the Differential Weighting Hypothesis

A
  • some patients with category-specific deficits for living things have impairments for all types of knowledge about the effected concepts (visual/perceptual as well as functional/associative)
  • even if a sensory/motor channel s important for a particular conceptual category, it is not always impaired in patients with a deficit for that category
  • even if a sensory/motor channel is important for a particular conceptual category, damage to it is not always associated with a deficit for that category
52
Q

Describe the Distributed Domain-Specific Hypothesis

A

the major factor driving the neural architecture of object concepts is domain, with the three most evolutionarily relevant domains - animals, fruits/vegetables, and tools - being innately programmed

53
Q

How does the Distributed Domain Specific Hypothesis explain category-specific deficits

A

Domain shapes the neural architecture of object concepts also at a more abstract conceptual level that is differentiated by category, thereby allowing for the possibility of category-specific deficits.

54
Q

How does the Distributed Domain Specific Hypothesis explain category-specific deficits

A

Domain shapes the neural architecture of object concepts also at a more abstract conceptual level that is differentiated by category, thereby allowing for the possibility of category-specific deficits.

55
Q

What are the challenges for the Distributed Domain Specific Hypothesis?

A
  • the explanation has a circular flavour: category-specific disorders are explained by assuming category-specific areas in the brain
  • there is little other evidence for such an abstract level of category-specific representation
  • this level would add a 3rd level to the Hub and Spoke Model
  • if innate: when and how does it emerge in development
  • representation vs. access?
56
Q

Category specific deficits have been reported in other types of patients for what three main object domains:

A
  • animal deficits
  • fruit/vegetable deficits
  • tool deficits
57
Q

Animal deficits are usually caused by what?

A

lesions often in bilateral ventral and medial sectors of the mid-to-anterior temporal lobes.

58
Q

Fruit/vegetable deficits are usually caused by what?

A

lesions often in unilateral left mid-fusiform gyrus

59
Q

Tool deficits are usually caused by what?

A

lesions often in unilateral left lateral temporal (pMTG), inferior parietal (aIPS/SMG), and/or inferior frontal (vPMC) regions

LING 3NL3 (16 decks)

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