Morphology 1 & 2 Flashcards
What are the two levels of morphology?
- morphosyntax
- morphophonology
What is morphosyntax?
content and distributional agreement (i.e., between-word consistency) of the various features that are expressed by inflection, such as number and tense.
What is morphophonology?
the encoding of inflectional features in sound patterns that may be:
- regular
- irregular
- null
Analytic languages are _______ in morphology
low
Synthetic languages are ______ in morphology
high
Name the three morphological processes described in class
- compounding
- derivation
- inflection
What is compounding?
new word with new meaning from two roots - blackbird, girlfriend
What is derivation?
new word from root + bound morpheme - establishment, beautiful
What is inflection?
does not result in different words but forms that fit into syntactic and semantic structures; small change in meaning - walks, singing, mother’s
In the fMRI study by Sahin et al (2006) they presented subjects with a visual sentence frame, and the subjects had to say aloud the appropriate word for each condition. One condition involved a null-inflection while one required an over inflection (past tense). There was a control read condition.
For the overt inflection condition, what levels of morphology were seen in the brain?
both morphosyntactic and morphonological processing
In the fMRI study by Sahin et al (2006) for the null inflection condition, what level of morphology was seen in then rain?
morphosyntactic processing
In the fMRI study by Sahin et al (2006) when subjects had to go for overt inflection to null inflection what level of morphology was isolated in the brain?
morphophonological processing
In the fMRI study by Sahin et al (2006) when subjects had to go for overt inflection to null inflection what level of morphology was isolated in the brain?
morphophonological processing
In the intracranial probing experiment by Sahin et al (2009) what were the components found in Broca’s area?
- 200 ms post-cue: delivery of word identity to the region
- 320 ms post-cue: computation of morphosyntactic features
- 450 ms post-cue: computation of morphophonological form
In the intracranial probing experiment by Sahin et al (2009) what were the components found in Broca’s area?
- 200 ms post-cue: delivery of word identity to the region
- 320 ms post-cue: computation of morphosyntactic features
- 450 ms post-cue: computation of morphophonological form
What was the main result of the Sahin et al (2006) study?
the two aspects of inflection engaged different sectors of Broca’s area
What was the main result of the Sahin et al (2009) study?
morphosyntax and morphophonology of inflection processed sequentially in Broca’s area
What was the main result of the Sahin et al (2009) study?
morphosyntax and morphophonology of inflection processed sequentially in Broca’s area
What are the two classes of theories proposed to explain the English past tense?
- Single System Models
- Dual System Model
What are the two classes of theories proposed to explain the English past tense?
- Single System Models
- Dual System Model
Explain the Single System Models
the same system underlies regular and irregular verb forms
-all past tense forms constructed by rules, one rule for regular forms and a small number of different rules for irregular forms
OR
-all past tense forms learned as associations between forms and meanings
Describe the Dual System Model
regular forms handled by rules, irregular forms stored as wholes in the mental lexicon
How is the Dual System proposed to work when accessing irregular verb forms in the lexicon?
if an inflected form already exists in the lexicon (e.g., for
irregular verbs), it is accessed, and inhibits the grammar system that is trying to construct a regular form
What brain pattern of activation would the Single System Models predict for regular vs. irregular verbs?
Single System Models predict largely overlapping brain regions for regulars and irregular verb forms?
What is one problem with comparing irregular verb forms to regular verb forms?
the irregular forms are more frequent than the regular forms (this is how they manage to exist)
In the Ullman et al (2005) oral reading task, what were the result of the nonfluent aphasics?
- more uninflected forms for regulars and irregulars
- never overregularization for irregulars
- phonological distortions for irregulars
In the Ullman et al (2005) oral reading task, what were the result of the nonfluent aphasics?
- more uninflected forms for regulars and irregulars
- never overregularization for irregulars
- phonological distortions for irregulars
In the Ullman et al (2005) oral reading task, what were the result of the fluent aphasics?
-more phonological distortions for irregulars than regulars
cug for dug
What is the problem with the Ullman et al (2005) oral reading task?
not everyone has gotten these results, not consistent
the Dual System and Single System Models were originally developed for ___________
word production
How do some researchers extend the Dual System and Single System Models to comprehension?
by assuming a mental lexicon and grammatical system shared by input and output functions
The Tyler & Marslen-Wilson (1997) auditory priming paradigm with lexical decision involving agrammatic patients had three primes: semantic, regular past and irregular past. What were the results?
positive priming effects in the semantic and irregular conditions, but not in the regular condition.
The Tyler & Marslen-Wilson (1997) auditory priming paradigm with lexical decision involving agrammatic patients had three primes: semantic, regular past and irregular past. What were the results?
positive priming effects in the semantic and irregular conditions, but not in the regular condition.
What are the conclusions from the The Tyler & Marslen-Wilson (1997) auditory priming paradigm with lexical decision task?
whereas irregularly inflected verbs like ran are stored as “whole forms,” regularly inflected verbs like walked are normally parsed into their components —a stem and a suffix
the decomposition operation is impaired in aphasic patients leading to lack of priming by regular inflected forms
Most neuropsychological evidence supports which model?
The Dual System Model
What is the evidence supporting the Dual System Model?
- double dissociations between regular and irregular verbs
- disproportionate difficulty producing regulars most strongly linked with damage to Broca’s area and adjacent frontal regions
- disproportionate difficulty producing irregulars most strongly linked with damage to temporal and temporoparietal regions.
