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Nutrition and metabolism > Week 3: Digestion and absorption > Flashcards

Week 3: Digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What does the gastrointestinal system secrete?

A

Water
Acids
Buffers
Enzymes

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2
Q

What type of processes cause digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical

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3
Q

Where does 95% of absorption take place?

A

Small intestine

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4
Q

What do we defecate?

A

Indigestible substances
Cells
Digested materials not absorbed

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5
Q

Is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine organ?

A

It is both

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6
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Glands that sescrete hormones or other products directly into the blood

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7
Q

What does exocrine mean?

A

Glands which secrete their products through ducts opening on to an epithelium rather than directly into the blood

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8
Q

What is HCO3- necessary for?

A

Digestive enzyme activity
Micelle formation
Protecting doudenal muscosa

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9
Q

What stimulates the production of HCO3-?

A

Secretin

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10
Q

How much HCO3- is secreted everyday?

A

1.5 L per day

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11
Q

What stimulates enzyme secretion?

A

CCK

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12
Q

When is CCK releases?

A

When fat and protein are in the duodenum

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13
Q

What do acinar cells secrete?

A

An enzyme rich Cl- solution

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14
Q

What are the two types of complex carbohydrates?

A

Starch (plant)

Glycogen (meat)

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15
Q

Where and how does most carbohydrate digestion occur?

A

The small intestine by the action of pancreatic alpha-amylase

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16
Q

Where are glucose, galactose and fructose directly transported to from the portal vein?

A

The liver

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17
Q

What are fructose and galactose converted into?

A

Glucose derivatives

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18
Q

How does glucose enter organs?

A

Facilitated transport

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19
Q

Where is insulin released?

A

Pancreas

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20
Q

What regulates glucose levels in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue?

A

Insulin

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21
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

In the stomach

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22
Q

What % of protein is digested in the stomach?

A

15%

23
Q

What is in the stomach that breaks down protein?

A

Pepsin

24
Q

What actively halts pepsin?

A

Alkaline pancreatic secretions

25
Q

Where is the majority of protein digested?

A

Small intestine

26
Q

What enzymes digest protein in the small intestine?

A

Pancreatic

27
Q

What are the two major classes of enzymes that break down protein?

A

Endopeptidases

Exopeptidases

28
Q

What do endopeptidases enzymes do?

A

Cleave interior peptide bonds

29
Q

What do exopeptide enzymes do?

A

Cleave external peptide bonds

30
Q

When are the enzymes in the pancreas activated and why?

A

When they are outside the pancreas to prevent digestion of pancreatic proteins

31
Q

What activates the enzymes released by the pancreas?

A

Trypsin

32
Q

What are di- and tri-peptides further borken down into?

A

Amino acids

33
Q

What breaks di- tri-peptides down?

A

Intracellular peptidases of enterocyte

34
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A

Diffusion and sodium dependent transport

35
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Bile production
Metabolism
Detoxification of the blood

36
Q

When is bile produced?

A

It is continuously produced

37
Q

What happens to bile between meals?

A

It is stored in the gall bladder and concentrated

38
Q

What is the function of bile?

A 
Excretion of:
Bile pigments
Cholesterol
Steroids
Heavy metals
Drugs
39
Q

When does the gall bladder contract to eject bile into duodenum?

A

Following a meal

40
Q

What stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder?

A

Secretin and CCK

41
Q

What % of bile salts are reabsorbed and recycled?

A

90%

42
Q

What are lipids emulsified by?

A

Bile

43
Q

What does lipases break triglycerides into?

A

Fatty acids and monoglycerides

44
Q

What are fatty acids and monoglycerides packaged into?

A

Micelles that are absorbed by microvilli

45
Q

What are fatty acids and monoglycerides converted back into?

A

Triglycerides

46
Q

What do the triglycerides aggregate with?

A

Cholesterol, proteins and phospholipids

47
Q

When triglycerides aggregate with cholesterol, proteins and phospholipids what do they form?

A

Chylomicrons

48
Q

Where do chylomicrons move?

A

Into a lymph capillary , which transports them to the rest of the body

49
Q

Where are vitamins absorbed?

A

In the small intestine

50
Q

How much water is absorbed each day?

A

8 litres

51
Q

How much water each day is secreted into the GI tract?

A

6 litres

52
Q

What % of water is absorbed into the small intestine?

A

90%

53
Q

What % of water is absorbed into the large intestine?

A

10%

Nutrition and metabolism (25 decks)

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