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Nutrition and metabolism > Week 2: Energy > Flashcards

Week 2: Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the forms of energy?

A

Chemical Mechanical Heat Electrical Light Nuclear

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2
Q

What does work equal?

A

Force x distance

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3
Q

What does power equal?

A

Work / time

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4
Q

What is turnover?

A

Molecules are constantly used (degraded) and restored (synthesised)

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5
Q

Provide examples of molecules that are involved in turnover

A

Energy Protein Carbs

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6
Q

What is protein turnover?

A

The constant and concurrent processes of protein synthesis and breakdown

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7
Q

For homeostasis what does ATP degradation lead to?

A

ATP re-synthesis

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8
Q

What is a common role of ATP in homeostasis?

A

Chemical intermediate

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9
Q

How does the level of ATP at the intercellular level fluctuate?

A

Remains fairly constant

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10
Q

What are the three main systems to maintain ATP homeostasis in skeletal muscle?

A

Immediate

Nonoxidative (glycolytic)

Oxidative (aerobic)

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11
Q

What energy systems are involved in power movements?

A

ATP and PCr

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12
Q

What energy systems are involved in speed movements?

A

Muscle glycogen and glucose

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13
Q

What energy systems are involved in endurance movements?

A

Glycogen

Glucose

Lipids

Amino acids

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14
Q

What enzymes is used to split ATP?

A

ATPase

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15
Q

What type of reaction is it when ATP is split?

A

Hydrolysis

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16
Q

What is produced when ATP + H2O react with ATPase as a catalyst?

A

ADP and Pi

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17
Q

What is the catalyst when PCr reacts with ADP?

A

Creatine kinase

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18
Q

What is the products when PCr + ADP in the presence of creatine kinase?

A

ATP + Cr

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19
Q

How long until ATP stores are depleted?

A

2 seconds

20
Q

How long until PCr stores are depleted?

A

8 seconds

21
Q

How long until glycogen stores are depleted when it’s converted into lactate?

A

6 mins

22
Q

How long until glycogen stores are depleted when it’s converted into CO2 + H2O?

A

100 mins

23
Q

How long until fat stores are depleted?

A

Days

24
Q

What is the catalyst in the flowing reation 2ADP → ATP + AMP

A

Adenylate kinase (myokniase)

25
Q

How does the myokinase reaction and the breakdown of PCr work together and what do they do?

A

They work closely together to maintain intracellular ATP levels

26
Q

When does this reaction occur? 2ADP → ATP + AMP

A

During high intensity exercise

27
Q

How good of a signal is changes in ATP conc for control of metabolic rate and why?

A

Poor because our body maintains ATP levels

28
Q

How good of a signal is changes in AMP conc for control of metabolic rate?

A

Powerful

29
Q

Why is AMP a powerful signal for metabolic control?

A

It’s presence is a strong signal for activating mechanism of ADP restoration to ATP

30
Q

What is an indicator of the capacity of a cell to do work?

A

The energy change

31
Q

What does it mean when the energy change = 1

A

All the adenylate pool is in the form of ATP i.e. has maximum free energy

32
Q

What does it mean when the energy change = 0

A

When all ATP hydrolyzed to AMP

33
Q

What is the normal charge of a cell?

A

0.9-0.95

34
Q

What regulates the rate of ATP resynthesis during exercise?

A

The energy charge of a cell

35
Q

What happens if the energy charge of a cell continues to decline?

A

ATP degradation is inhibited leading to fatigue of that cell

36
Q

How is AMP prevented from accumulating in anaerobic energy sources?

A

Converted to inosine monophosphate (IMP)

37
Q

What does the production of IMP from AMP and H+ result in?

A

Increased energy charge and continuing contraction

38
Q

What does energy represent the capacity to do?

A

Work

39
Q

What is the source for all cellular processes?

A

ATP

40
Q

What is the catalyst involved when AMP + H+ produces IMP + NH4+

A

AMP deaminase

41
Q

What is produced when AMP reacts with H+?

A

IMP + NH4+

42
Q

Can fuel sources be depleted?

A

Yes

43
Q

Can an energy source be depleted?

A

No

44
Q

What are the three types of energy molecule?

A

ATP

UTP

GTP

45
Q

What happens to IMP when it is produced via AMP?

A

It leaves the cell or reforms AMP

Nutrition and metabolism (25 decks)

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