Week 2: Energy

Question 1

What are the forms of energy?

Answer 1

Chemical Mechanical Heat Electrical Light Nuclear

Question 2

What does work equal?

Answer 2

Force x distance

Question 3

What does power equal?

Answer 3

Work / time

Question 4

What is turnover?

Answer 4

Molecules are constantly used (degraded) and restored (synthesised)

Question 5

Provide examples of molecules that are involved in turnover

Answer 5

Energy Protein Carbs

Question 6

What is protein turnover?

Answer 6

The constant and concurrent processes of protein synthesis and breakdown

Question 7

For homeostasis what does ATP degradation lead to?

Answer 7

ATP re-synthesis

Question 8

What is a common role of ATP in homeostasis?

Answer 8

Chemical intermediate

Question 9

How does the level of ATP at the intercellular level fluctuate?

Answer 9

Remains fairly constant

Question 10

What are the three main systems to maintain ATP homeostasis in skeletal muscle?

Answer 10

Immediate

Nonoxidative (glycolytic)

Oxidative (aerobic)

Question 11

What energy systems are involved in power movements?

Answer 11

ATP and PCr

Question 12

What energy systems are involved in speed movements?

Answer 12

Muscle glycogen and glucose

Question 13

What energy systems are involved in endurance movements?

Answer 13

Glycogen

Glucose

Lipids

Amino acids

Question 14

What enzymes is used to split ATP?

Answer 14

ATPase

Question 15

What type of reaction is it when ATP is split?

Answer 15

Hydrolysis

Question 16

What is produced when ATP + H2O react with ATPase as a catalyst?

Answer 16

ADP and Pi

Question 17

What is the catalyst when PCr reacts with ADP?

Answer 17

Creatine kinase

Question 18

What is the products when PCr + ADP in the presence of creatine kinase?

Answer 18

ATP + Cr

Question 19

How long until ATP stores are depleted?

Answer 19

2 seconds

Question 20

How long until PCr stores are depleted?

Answer 20

8 seconds

Question 21

How long until glycogen stores are depleted when it’s converted into lactate?

Answer 21

6 mins

Question 22

How long until glycogen stores are depleted when it’s converted into CO2 + H2O?

Answer 22

100 mins

Question 23

How long until fat stores are depleted?

Answer 23

Days

Question 24

What is the catalyst in the flowing reation 2ADP → ATP + AMP

Answer 24

Adenylate kinase (myokniase)

Question 25

How does the myokinase reaction and the breakdown of PCr work together and what do they do?

Answer 25

They work closely together to maintain intracellular ATP levels

Question 26

When does this reaction occur? 2ADP → ATP + AMP

Answer 26

During high intensity exercise

Question 27

How good of a signal is changes in ATP conc for control of metabolic rate and why?

Answer 27

Poor because our body maintains ATP levels

Question 28

How good of a signal is changes in AMP conc for control of metabolic rate?

Answer 28

Powerful

Question 29

Why is AMP a powerful signal for metabolic control?

Answer 29

It's presence is a strong signal for activating mechanism of ADP restoration to ATP

Question 30

What is an indicator of the capacity of a cell to do work?

Answer 30

The energy change

Question 31

What does it mean when the energy change = 1

Answer 31

All the adenylate pool is in the form of ATP i.e. has maximum free energy

Question 32

What does it mean when the energy change = 0

Answer 32

When all ATP hydrolyzed to AMP

Question 33

What is the normal charge of a cell?

Answer 33

0.9-0.95

Question 34

What regulates the rate of ATP resynthesis during exercise?

Answer 34

The energy charge of a cell

Question 35

What happens if the energy charge of a cell continues to decline?

Answer 35

ATP degradation is inhibited leading to fatigue of that cell

Question 36

How is AMP prevented from accumulating in anaerobic energy sources?

Answer 36

Converted to inosine monophosphate (IMP)

Question 37

What does the production of IMP from AMP and H+ result in?

Answer 37

Increased energy charge and continuing contraction

Question 38

What does energy represent the capacity to do?

Answer 38

Work

Question 39

What is the source for all cellular processes?

Answer 39

ATP

Question 40

What is the catalyst involved when AMP + H+ produces IMP + NH₄+

Answer 40

AMP deaminase

Question 41

What is produced when AMP reacts with H+?

Answer 41

IMP + NH₄+

Question 42

Can fuel sources be depleted?

Answer 42

Yes

Question 43

Can an energy source be depleted?

Answer 43

No

Question 44

What are the three types of energy molecule?

Answer 44

ATP UTP GTP

Question 45

What happens to IMP when it is produced via AMP?

Answer 45

It leaves the cell or reforms AMP