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SC2110-Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology > Week 3- Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Week 3- Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Nerve that carries nerve impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system, also known as afferent neuron

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2
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Weblike middle membrane of meninges

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3
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

A motor neuron disease that causes muscle weakness in a limb or the muscles of the mouth and throat, gradually all muscles under voluntary control are affected

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4
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Progressive disease with degeneration of nerve endings in the cortex of the brain that block the signals that pass between nerve cells

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5
Q

Arachnid cysts

A

Benign lesions that occur as a result of the splitting of the arachnoid layer

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6
Q

Associative neurons

A

Carries messages from sensory neuron to motor neuron, also called interneuron

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7
Q

Brain tumors

A

A mass or growth of abnormal cells in the brain

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8
Q

Axons

A

Nerve call structure that carries impulses away from cell bodies to dendrites

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9
Q

Brain stem

A

Portion of brain other than cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

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10
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Collection of nerves, ganglia, and plexuses through which visceral organs, heart, blood vessels, glands, and smooth (involuntary) muscles receive stimulation

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11
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Choroid plexus capillaries in the brain differ in their selective permeability, thus, drugs carried in the bloodstream may not penetrate the brain tissue

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12
Q

Central nervous system

A

Consists of the structures of the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

A narrow canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain

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14
Q

Cerebral palsy (CP)

A

A disturbance in voluntary muscle action for to brain damage

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15
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A

Four lines cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

A layer of gray matter covering the upper and lower surfaces of the cerebrum

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17
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

A substance that forms within the four brain ventricles from the blood vessels of the choroid plexus, this serves as a shock absorber to protect the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Cerebellum

A

Structure of the brain behind the pons and below the cerebrum

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19
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest part of the brain behind

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

Nerve cell processes that carries nervous impulses toward the cell body

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21
Q

Contrecoup

A

A head injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact, also called a counterblow

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22
Q

Concussion

A

Severe blow to the head, may cause temporary loss of consciousness

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23
Q

Choroid plexus

A

The network of blood vessels of the pia mater found in the brains ventricles

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24
Q

Coup

A

A head injury that occurs within the skull near the point of impact

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25
Q

Dementia

A

Loss in at least two areas of complex behavior

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26
Q

Diencephalon

A

Posterior part of the brain, contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

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27
Q

Dura mater

A

Fibrous membrane forming the outermost covering of the brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

Encephalocele

A

A condition in which the brain is exposed to the outside instead of being covered by the skull and skin

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29
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

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30
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Carries messages from brain to spinal cord to muscles and glands, also called efferent neuron

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31
Q

Epilepsy

A

Seizure disorder

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32
Q

Essential tremor

A

A nerve disorder causing tremors to occur in a person who is moving or trying to move, not usually associated with Parkinson’s disease

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33
Q

Hematoma

A

Localized clotted mass of blood formed in an organ, tissue, or space

34
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

A structure of the brain situated below the third ventricle, in front of the cerebellum, and behind the pons and medulla oblongata

35
Q

Frontal lobe

A

In the cerebral cortex, it controls the motor function

36
Q

Glial cells

A

Nerve cell, sometimes referred to as “nerve glue”

37
Q

Gyri

A

Convulsions in the brain between the sulci

38
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Increase in volume of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles. May occur in fetal development

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon, lies below the thalamus and is the “brain” of the brain

40
Q

Interneurons

A

Carries messages from sensory neuron to motor neuron. Also called interneuron

41
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

The two largest cerebral ventricles

42
Q

Integration

A

Stimuli that are received by sensory organs and then processed by the nervous system

43
Q

Interventricular foramen

A

The area that connects the third ventricle of the brain to the two lateral ventricles

44
Q

Limbic lobe

A

Located in the center of the brain beneath the other four cerebral lobes, influences unconscious, instinctive behavior

45
Q

Membrane excitability

A

Ability to carry impulses by creating electric charges

46
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of the brain stem, contains the nuclei for vital functions

47
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes by insertion of a needle between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae

48
Q

Memory

A

Process by which the brain stores old information and packages and stores new information

49
Q

Meninges

A

And of three linings enclosing the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carries messages from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, also called efferent neuron

52
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Chronic inflammatory disease in which the immune cells attack the myelin sheath of a nerve

53
Q

Motor neuron diseases (MND)

A

Conditions that cause the nervous system to lose function over time

54
Q

Motor response

A

Motor nerves response to stimuli via the CNS

55
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covering the axon of the neuron, providing electrical insulation and increasing the velocity of impulse transmission

56
Q

Neuroglia

A

A network of cells that insulate, support, and protect the nerves of the central nervous system

57
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Part of the cerebrum that houses the visual area

58
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve call, including its processes

59
Q

Nystagmus

A

Rapid, involuntary movement of the eyeball

60
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the lower extremities caused by severe injury to the spinal cord in the thoracic or lumbar region, resulting in the loss of sensory organs motor control below the area of injury

61
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A chemical substance that makes it possible for messages to cross the synapse of a neuron to a target receptor

62
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Division of the cerebrum that lies beneath the parietal bone, interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors

63
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost vascular covering of the brain and spinal cord

64
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Condition characterized by marked tremors, may be due to a decrease in the amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine

65
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Contagious viral disease of the nerve of the spinal cord, rarely seen because of polio vaccines

66
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

67
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brain stem, pathway for nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the nervous system

68
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Nerve that carries nerve impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system, also known as afferent neuron

69
Q

Sensation

A

External stimuli received by one of the sense organs

70
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Follows severe trauma to the spinal cord below the C1-C4 vertebrae in which there is loss of movement of all four extremities with the accompanying loss of bowel, bladder, and sexual function

71
Q

Spastic quadriplegia

A

Spastic paralysis of all four limbs

72
Q

Sulci

A

Fissures or grooves separating cerebral convulsions

73
Q

Spina bifida

A

A malformation of the vertebral bones and skin surrounding the spine that leads to serious infections, bladder and bowel dysfunction, hydrocephalus, and paralysis

74
Q

Spinal cord

A

Part of the central nervous system within the spinal column, begins at the foramen magnum of occipital bone and continues to the second lumbar vertebra

75
Q

Synapse

A

Space between adjacent neurons through which an impulse is transmitted

76
Q

Thalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon, relays sensory stimuli to the cerebral cortex

77
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Part of the cerebral hemisphere associated with the perception and interpretation of sound

78
Q

Third ventricle

A

A cavity in which the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Located behind and below the lateral ventricles

79
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another

80
Q

Tethered cord syndrome

A

When the spinal cord is abnormally attached to the surrounding tissue

81
Q

West Nile virus (WNV)

A

A mosquito borne virus that most often has no symptoms or mild, flulike symptoms

82
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

A motor neuron disease that causes muscle weakness in a limb or the muscles of the mouth and throat, gradually all the muscles under voluntary control are affected

SC2110-Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology (10 decks)

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