Week 1- Chapter 4 Flashcards
Anoxia
A lack of oxygen to cellular structures
Anaphase
Phase 4 in mitosis, chromatid pairs fully separated
Active transport
Process by which solute molecules are transported across a membrane to a higher concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical compound consisting of one molecule of adenine, one of ribose, and three of phosphoric acid, high-energy fuel a cell requires to function
Apoptosis
An orderly process by which cells intentionally die. Also known as programmed cell death (PCD)
Cell membrane
Structure that encloses the cell, also known as plasma membrane
Benign
Nonmalignant
Atrophy
Wasting away of tissue or cells
Cancer
The presence of a malignant tumor, which may affect all body parts
Biomarkers
A normal substance found in the blood or tissue in small amounts
Centrioles
Two cylindrical organelles found near the nucleus in a tiny body called the centrosome, they are perpendicular to each other
Chromatid
Each strand of a replicable chromosome
Chromosomes
Short, rod-like structures that determine hereditary characteristics
Centrosomes
Tiny area near the nucleus of an animal cell, it contains two cylindrical structures called centrioles
Chromatin
DNA and protein material in a loose and diffuse state, during mitosis, chromatin condenses to form the chromosomes
Cilia
Tony, hairlike projections of protoplasm that extend from the cell or body surface and help move things along, they may also work like a filter
Cytoplasm
Protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell
Equilibrium
A state of balance
Diffusion
Molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration
Endoplasmic reticulum
Transport system of a cell, can be smooth or rough
Cytoskeleton
Internal framework of the cell consisting of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
Dysplasia
Change in size, shape, or organization of cells
Eukaryote
Any cell that processes a clearly defined nucleus
Flagella
Long, hairlike projections from the cell membrane found on sperm
Golgi apparatus
A membranous network that resembles a stack of pancakes, it stores and packages secretions to be secreted by the cell
Filtration
Movement of water and particles across a semipermeable membrane by a mechanical force such as blood pressure
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which water molecules are moving out of a cell, causing it to shrink
Hyperplasia
Excessive proliferation of normal cells
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of a muscle cell
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which water molecules are moving into a cell, causing it to swell
Interphase
The resting phase in the process of mitosis
Hypoxia
Decreased blood flow to cellular structures
Lysosomes
Cytoplasmic organelle containing digestive enzymes
Isotonic solution
A solution in which movement of water molecules into and out of a cell is the same as
Meiosis
Cell division of gametes or cells, reduces the number of chromosomes
Mitochondria
Organelle that supplies energy to the cell
Metaphase
Phase 3 in the process of mitosis, nuclear membrane disappears
Metastasis
Transfer of malignant cells from an original site to a distant one through the circulatory system or lymph vessels
Mitosis
Cell division involving 2 distant processes. 1) division of a nucleus
2) cytoplasmic division, when the cytoplasm is divided into two approximately equal parts
Necrosis
Cell death
Neoplasms
A tumor, can be benign or malignant
Nucleoplasm
Protoplasm of the nucleus, also called nuclear sap or karyolymph
Neoplasia
Uncontrolled growth pattern in a cell, may result in neoplasm
Nuclear membrane
Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus
Nucleolus
Small, spherical structure within the cell nucleus
Nucleus
Organelle that controls cell activities and cell division, also the center of an atom
Osmotic pressure
The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane at equilibrium
Papilloma
A type of tumor of the epithelial tissue, also known as a wart
Osmosis
Passage of fluid through a membrane
Organelles
Microscopic structure within the cell having a special function or capacity
Passive transport
The process of moving materials across a cell membrane without using energy, such as diffusion, osmosis, or filtration
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs that contain oxidase enzymes
Pinocytic vesicles
Formed by having the cell membrane fold inward into a pocket
Phagocytosis
Ingestion of foreign or other particles by certain cells
Pinocytosis
Process of engulfing large molecules into solution and taking them into the cell
Prophase
Phase 2 in the process of mitosis, when the two centrioles start to separate
Replication
Occurs when an exact copy of each nuclear chromosome is made during the early part of the first stage of mitosis (early interphase)
Protoplasm
An aqueous solution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic salts surrounded by a cell membrane without using
Solutes
Dissolved substance in a solution
Telophase
Final stage in the mitosis process in which the chromosomes migrate to the poles of the cell
Ribosomes
Submicroscopic particle attached to endoplasmic reticulum, site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of a cell
Tumor
Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of a cell
Vacuole
Clear space in cell
Stem cells
Primal cells common to all multicellular organisms
