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SC2110-Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology > Week 1- Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Week 1- Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Anoxia

A

A lack of oxygen to cellular structures

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2
Q

Anaphase

A

Phase 4 in mitosis, chromatid pairs fully separated

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3
Q

Active transport

A

Process by which solute molecules are transported across a membrane to a higher concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration

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4
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Chemical compound consisting of one molecule of adenine, one of ribose, and three of phosphoric acid, high-energy fuel a cell requires to function

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5
Q

Apoptosis

A

An orderly process by which cells intentionally die. Also known as programmed cell death (PCD)

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6
Q

Cell membrane

A

Structure that encloses the cell, also known as plasma membrane

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7
Q

Benign

A

Nonmalignant

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8
Q

Atrophy

A

Wasting away of tissue or cells

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9
Q

Cancer

A

The presence of a malignant tumor, which may affect all body parts

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10
Q

Biomarkers

A

A normal substance found in the blood or tissue in small amounts

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11
Q

Centrioles

A

Two cylindrical organelles found near the nucleus in a tiny body called the centrosome, they are perpendicular to each other

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12
Q

Chromatid

A

Each strand of a replicable chromosome

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

Short, rod-like structures that determine hereditary characteristics

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14
Q

Centrosomes

A

Tiny area near the nucleus of an animal cell, it contains two cylindrical structures called centrioles

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15
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and protein material in a loose and diffuse state, during mitosis, chromatin condenses to form the chromosomes

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16
Q

Cilia

A

Tony, hairlike projections of protoplasm that extend from the cell or body surface and help move things along, they may also work like a filter

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state of balance

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration

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20
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transport system of a cell, can be smooth or rough

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Internal framework of the cell consisting of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

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22
Q

Dysplasia

A

Change in size, shape, or organization of cells

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23
Q

Eukaryote

A

Any cell that processes a clearly defined nucleus

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24
Q

Flagella

A

Long, hairlike projections from the cell membrane found on sperm

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25
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A membranous network that resembles a stack of pancakes, it stores and packages secretions to be secreted by the cell

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26
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of water and particles across a semipermeable membrane by a mechanical force such as blood pressure

27
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

A solution in which water molecules are moving out of a cell, causing it to shrink

28
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Excessive proliferation of normal cells

29
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in the size of a muscle cell

30
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

A solution in which water molecules are moving into a cell, causing it to swell

31
Q

Interphase

A

The resting phase in the process of mitosis

32
Q

Hypoxia

A

Decreased blood flow to cellular structures

33
Q

Lysosomes

A

Cytoplasmic organelle containing digestive enzymes

34
Q

Isotonic solution

A

A solution in which movement of water molecules into and out of a cell is the same as

35
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division of gametes or cells, reduces the number of chromosomes

36
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle that supplies energy to the cell

37
Q

Metaphase

A

Phase 3 in the process of mitosis, nuclear membrane disappears

38
Q

Metastasis

A

Transfer of malignant cells from an original site to a distant one through the circulatory system or lymph vessels

39
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division involving 2 distant processes. 1) division of a nucleus
2) cytoplasmic division, when the cytoplasm is divided into two approximately equal parts

40
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death

41
Q

Neoplasms

A

A tumor, can be benign or malignant

42
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Protoplasm of the nucleus, also called nuclear sap or karyolymph

43
Q

Neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled growth pattern in a cell, may result in neoplasm

44
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus

45
Q

Nucleolus

A

Small, spherical structure within the cell nucleus

46
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle that controls cell activities and cell division, also the center of an atom

47
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane at equilibrium

48
Q

Papilloma

A

A type of tumor of the epithelial tissue, also known as a wart

49
Q

Osmosis

A

Passage of fluid through a membrane

50
Q

Organelles

A

Microscopic structure within the cell having a special function or capacity

51
Q

Passive transport

A

The process of moving materials across a cell membrane without using energy, such as diffusion, osmosis, or filtration

52
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs that contain oxidase enzymes

53
Q

Pinocytic vesicles

A

Formed by having the cell membrane fold inward into a pocket

54
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of foreign or other particles by certain cells

55
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Process of engulfing large molecules into solution and taking them into the cell

56
Q

Prophase

A

Phase 2 in the process of mitosis, when the two centrioles start to separate

57
Q

Replication

A

Occurs when an exact copy of each nuclear chromosome is made during the early part of the first stage of mitosis (early interphase)

58
Q

Protoplasm

A

An aqueous solution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic salts surrounded by a cell membrane without using

59
Q

Solutes

A

Dissolved substance in a solution

60
Q

Telophase

A

Final stage in the mitosis process in which the chromosomes migrate to the poles of the cell

61
Q

Ribosomes

A

Submicroscopic particle attached to endoplasmic reticulum, site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of a cell

62
Q

Tumor

A

Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of a cell

63
Q

Vacuole

A

Clear space in cell

64
Q

Stem cells

A

Primal cells common to all multicellular organisms

SC2110-Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology (10 decks)

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