week 3 Flashcards
1
Q
individual perception
A
- process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions
- in order to give meaning to their environment
2
Q
factors affecting perception
A
- factors in the perceiver
- > attitudes, motives, interests, experience, expectations
- factors in the target
- > novelty
- > motion
- > size
- > background
- > proximity
- > similarity
- factors in the situation
- > time
- > work and social setting
3
Q
different versions of self
A
- 3 self representations
- > personal self
- -> characteristics or traits that differentiate you from others within ur social context
- > relational self
- -> characteristics or traits that are shared with your relationship partners & define your role / position
- > collective self
- -> characteristics or traits that differentiate in-group members from members of relevant out groups
- Individuals try to achieve identity in 3 ways
- > unique traits
- > dyadic relationships
- > group memberships
4
Q
characteristics of self-concept
A
- complexity
- > number and distinctiveness of the roles or identities that you perceive about yourself
- internal consistency
- > extent to which you require or exhibit similar personality values, and attributes across multiple selves
- clarity
- > extent to which you clearly and confidently defined internally consistent and stable across time
5
Q
self enhancement
A
- drive to promote or perceive a positive self-view
- > competent, attractive, lucky
- outcomes
- > better personal adjustment and mental and physical health
- > inflates personal causation and probability of success
- > overestimates future returns blames the situation for mistakes
6
Q
self - verification
A
- motivation to confirm and maintain our self-concept
- stabilises our self-concept
- people prefer feedback consistent with their self concept
- outcomes
- > selective attention, acceptance and memory of information consistent with our self-concept
7
Q
self-evaluation
A
- self esteem
- > extent to which ppl like, respect and are satisfied with themselves
- self efficacy
- > belief in one’s ability, motivation, role perceptions and situation to complete a task successfully
- locus of control
- > general belief about personal control over life events
8
Q
schemas
A
- helpful bot not efficient
- help us process information through attention and memory
- ambiguous information will be interpreted within the confines of the schema
- tend to notice and remember things that fit into our already existing schemas
- contradicting information will cause us to start looking for a new one
9
Q
attribution theory
A
- when we observe an individuals behaviour, attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused
- distinctiveness
- > does this person act differently in other situations
consensus
-> do other people act this way in this situation
consistency
-> did this person act this way in this situation in the past?
- internally caused
- > those that are believed to be under the personal control of the individual
- externally caused
- > behaviour is seen as resulting from outside causes, forced.
10
Q
fundamental attribution error
A
- tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors
- overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors
11
Q
self - serving bias
A
- individuals attribute their own successes to internal factors
12
Q
shortcuts in judging others
- selective perception
A
- any characteristic that makes a person,object or event stand out will increase the probability that it will be perceived
13
Q
shortcuts in judging others
- false consensus effect
A
- overestimate similarity with other beliefs or traits to our own
14
Q
shortcuts in judging others
- primacy effect
A
- form an opinion based on our first impressions
15
Q
shotcuts in judging others
- recency effect
A
- most recent information dominates perceptions
16
Q
shortcuts in judging others
- contrast effects
A
- do not evaluate a person in isolation
- > our reaction to one person is influenced by other persons we have recently encountered
17
Q
shortcuts in judging others
- halo effect
A
- occurs when we draw a general impression on the basis of a single characteristic
18
Q
discuss how stereotyping, attribution, self-fulfilling prophecy, halo, false - consensus, primacy and recency effects influence the perceptual process
A
- stereotyping
- > occurs when ppl assign traits to others based on their membership in a social cat.
- enhances self concept, lays foundation for prejudice and discrimination
- attribution process involves deciding whether behaviour or event is caused by internal or external factors.
- decided by perceptions of consistency, distictiveness and concensus of the behaviour
- subject to self serving bias and fundamental attribution error
- self fulfilling
- > expectations about another cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations
