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PSYC122 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cells of the nervous system

A

neurons, glia

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2
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

scientific study of biological & neural processes underlying mental processes
the science of how the brain creates the mind

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3
Q

functions of the nervous system

A

receive sensory information from the environment
integrates & processes info
regulates internal functions
produces motor actions

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4
Q

different levels of observation of the body

A

body, systems, organs, tissues, cells, genes

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5
Q

parts of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

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7
Q

PNS

A

autonomic (internal regulation) & somatic (skeletal muscles)

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic (arousing) & parasympathetic (calming)

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9
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary, automatic activity
controls & regulates blood vessels, organs and glands

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10
Q

sympathetic

A

increases arousals, prepares body for survival-related action

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11
Q

four f’s

A

sympathetic nervous system
fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating

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12
Q

PNS composed of

A

nerves - which are a bundle of axons

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13
Q

parasympathetic

A

reduces arousal, returns body to resting state

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14
Q

neuraxis

A

central axis on the nervous system

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15
Q

front of the nervous system (front of the brain top of the nervous system)

A

rostral or anterior

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15
Q

back end of spinal cord or brain is

A

caudal or posterior

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15
Q

above the neuraxis - top of brain, back of spinal cord

A

dorsal

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16
Q

below the neuraxis - bottom of brain, front of spinal cord

A

ventral

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17
Q

position of neuraxis

A

horizontal in brain, vertical in spinal cord

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18
Q

lateral

A

towards/on the side

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19
Q

medial

A

in/towards the middle

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20
Q

grey matter

A

tissue where there’s mostly cell bodies

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21
Q

white matter

A

where there’s mostly myelinated axons

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22
Q

information of the spinal nerve

A

goes in through the dorsal out the ventral

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23
Q

grey matter lines on the outside - surface of the brain

A

the cortex

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24
Q

grey matter on the inside

A

subcortical structures

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25
Q

one way to look at the brain

A

horizontal/axial/transverse

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26
Q

side of the brain

A

sagittal

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27
Q

parallel to the face

A

coronal

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28
Q

hindbrain

A

coordinates info flow to/from the spinal cord

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29
Q

medulla

A

extension of the spinal cord
controls basic life functions

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30
Q

reticular formation

A

network of neurons
regulates sleep/wake, arousal

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31
Q

cerebellum

A

controls fine motor function

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32
Q

pons

A

relays info cerebellum <-> rest of the brain

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33
Q

midbrain anterior ventral

A

tegmentum

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34
Q

midbrain posterior/dorsal

A

tectum

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35
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates basic functions related to perception and action

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36
Q

tectum

A

spatial orientating to the environment

37
Q

tectum structure

A

4 bubble like structures
two top ones: superior colliculi: vision
two bottom ones: inferior colliculi: audiiton

38
Q

tegmentum

A

movement, automatic responses to environment
arousal & pleasure seeking

39
Q

substantia nigra

A

part of the tegmentum
high levels of dopamine

40
Q

forebrain

A

subcortical & cortex structures

41
Q

basal ganglia

A

plan initiation of intentional movement

42
Q

thalamus

A

relays & filters info from the sense to the cortex

43
Q

limbic system

A

arousal & emotional processing

44
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates internal body functions

45
Q

pituitary gland

A

regulates hormones

46
Q

hippocampus

A

spatial navigation
creates and integrates new memories

47
Q

amygdala

A

emotional processing & memory

48
Q

outside surface of the cortex

A

gyrus

49
Q

where the cortex disappears

A

sulcus

50
Q

hemispheres connected by

A

corpus callosum

51
Q

brain floats in

A

cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)

52
Q

empty spaces in the brain

A

filled with CSF, made in the brain

53
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

2 lateral ventricles
interventricular foramen
third ventricle
aqueduct of the midbrain
fourth ventricle

54
Q

choroid plexus

A

inside lateral ventricles, collection of blood vessels specialized to secrete CSF

55
Q

primary somatosensory cortext

A

post central gyrus
primary region that processes touch on the skin

56
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

57
Q

what the body looks like to the brain

A

motor homunculus
somatosensory homunculus

58
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex
vision

59
Q

temporal lobe

A

semantic knowledge
word meanings
object identification
audition
primary auditory cortex

60
Q

parietal lobe

A

spatial attention
sensory integration
object location
numbers/quantities

61
Q

frontal lobe

A

planning
abstract thinking
executive control

62
Q

part of the brain that only does one thing?

A

does not exist

63
Q

function that only occurs in one part of the brain

A

does not exist

64
Q

neurons in the eye

A

called photo receptors/light receptors

65
Q

fovea

A

center of our visual field

66
Q

optic nerve

A

axons that take info out of our eye come together and leave the eye in a bundle

67
Q

spatial summation

A

electric
process where the voltage of the cell body changes
analogue
moves smoothly between numbers

68
Q

action potential

A

electric
all or nothing
digital

69
Q

neurotransmitter release

A

chemical
when the action potential has reached the terminal

70
Q

place cells & grid cells

A

give an idea of where someone is based on the space around it

71
Q

flexor muscles

A

causes bending

72
Q

extensory muscles

A

cause joint to unbend/stretch

73
Q

inside muscle

A

is a sensory neuron
enters from the dorsal side

74
Q

forms 2 synapse

A

one motor neuron to the extensor muscle - positive
other branch goes to interneuron - negative, inhibits motor neuron from firing to the flexor muscle

75
Q

human brain estimated

A

86 billion & 860 trillion synapses

76
Q

neural computation & modelling

A

stimulate neural circuits in a computer

77
Q

connectionism/neural network models

A

explains rules for how neurons fire
includes hidden layers

78
Q

brain is like a computer

A

myth/its complicated
neurons do perform computations but computers: digital
brain: digital and analogue

79
Q

brain vs. computer

A

computer: fast, accurate better at algorithmic tasks
brain: slow, approximate, better at ‘fuzzy’ tasks - language etc

80
Q

polygraph machine detects lies

A

status incorrect
they measure arousal - blood pressure, heart & breathing rates, skin conductance etc

81
Q

polygraph assumption

A

lying is stressful - increases arousal
not always true

82
Q

sensation loss in left arm

A

dorsal damage in spinal cord

83
Q

can not move right arm

A

ventral horns or ventral roots damage

84
Q

myth: right artistic, left logical

A

status: disorted, exaggeration, over-simplified
hemisphere differences do exist but not like this

85
Q

lateralization

A

tend for some functions to be specialized to one side of the brain

86
Q

left side of the brain is better at

A

sequences, details

87
Q

right side of the brain is better at

A

spatial arrangement, holistic

88
Q

we only use 10% of our brain

A

incorrect
we use 100%
different regions more/less active at any one time

89
Q

neurons fire how often

A

2-3x a second, more if they’re involved at the task at hand

90
Q

dorsal/ventral root

A

outside

91
Q

dorsal/ventral horn

A

inside

PSYC122 (13 decks)

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