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PSYC122 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

two signals can travel into the cell body

A

excitatory and inhibitory signals

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2
Q

excitatory signals

A

cell more likely to fire

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3
Q

inhibitory signals

A

cell less likely to fire

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4
Q

signal reaches axon hillock

A

summation occurs

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5
Q

summation?

A

sum of all incoming signals determines whether the neuron fires

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6
Q

threshold to fire?

A

-55mV

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7
Q

beginning value of the neuron

A

-70mV

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8
Q

resting membrane potential

A

when the cell is more negatively charged compared to outside the cell

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9
Q

ions crucial to sending signal down an axon

A

Potassium K+ and Sodium Na+

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10
Q

When the K+ is pulled in both directions

A

the cell is at rest

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11
Q

action potential

A

change in voltage in the cell, taking place at one section of the cell at a time

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12
Q

Volted gated sodium channels

A

doorway triggered by certain electrical charge - they open at -55mV

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13
Q

Propagation

A

process of the sodium gates opening

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14
Q

water outside vs inside the cell

A

salty water vs different kind of water with particles in it

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15
Q

Ion channels

A

allow specific ions through

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16
Q

Fundamental properties of how ions move

A

concentration gradient and electrical gradient

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17
Q

concentration gradient

A

sodium wants to go where there is less of itself until equilibrium occurs

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18
Q

passive diffusion

A

natural process where ions move from high to low concentration till equilibrium occurs without the need for external energy

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19
Q

electrical gradients

A

charged particles will move across the membrane until electrical equilibrium has occured

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20
Q

What does K+ want to do

A

Wants to go out of the cell because there is less K+ out there (CF). Wants to stay in the cell and make it as positive as possible (EF).

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21
Q

Depolarization

A

When the cell becomes crazy positive

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22
Q

When do the sodium channels close

A

at 30mV

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23
Q

Repolarization

A

Takes the mV back to 0, overshoots to -80mV

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24
Q

Refractory period

A

Trying to get back to the resting potential

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25
Q

Sodium/Potassium pump

A

pushed Na+ outside the cell, brings K+ inside the cell

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26
Q

Rules of the pump

A

Throws 3 Na+ out, brings 2 K+ in And requires energy

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27
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Jumping from one Node to the next

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28
Q

Benefits of Saltatory Conduction

A

Signal moves faster, energy efficient

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29
Q

Santiago Ramoon y Cajal & Camillo Golgi

A

worked together on Neurons and had opposing POVs on how they worked - whether they were connected or not

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30
Q

Neuronal communication is

A

Electrochemical

31
Q

Electrical vs chemical

A

Action potential vs passing info between cells

32
Q

Neurotransmitters travel in

A

Vesciles

33
Q

Ca2+ essential for

A

Allowing chemicals in the presynaptic cell to exit the cell and enter the synaptic cleft

34
Q

Cl- essential to

A

Understand how neurons send inhibitory signals

35
Q

Steps of synaptic transmission

A

Screenshot answer

36
Q

Ligand gated ion channels

A

Doors that expect a specific chemical shape & will only open then

37
Q

Reuptake

A

Pre-synaptic cell membrane has neuro-transmitter-specific ‘transporter’ proteins that transport neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic cell

38
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers; 100+ types

39
Q

Categories of Neurotransmitters

A

Amino acids, monoamines, peptides

40
Q

Amino acids

A

Glutamate, GABA

41
Q

Monoamines

A

Dopamine, serotonin, and histamine

42
Q

Peptides

A

Endorphins, oxytocin

43
Q

Dopamine

A

Can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the doorway

44
Q

Glutamate

A

Main excitatory neurotransmitter

45
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter

46
Q

Depolarizing the cell

A

Making it more positive - sodium & calcium used

47
Q

Hyperpolarizes the cell

A

Makes it more negative - chloride used

48
Q

Reuptake why

A

Not all the neurotransmitters were needed

49
Q

Dopamine involved in

A

thoughts
feelings
motivations
behaviours
experiences of pleasure
attention
mood regulation
emotional responses
coordinating movement

50
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Progressive loss of dopamine producing neurons

51
Q

Serotonin involved in

A

regulation of mood
sleep
eating
arousal
pain

52
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that occupy receptors & activate them

53
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that occupy receptors, but don’t activate them. They block receptor activation by agonists

54
Q

SSRI

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - block the reuptake from taking serotonin back into the cell, stays in the cleft, sends more signals in theory

55
Q

Nervous system

A

Carries out actions, tells the brain how things feel etc

56
Q

Two parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

57
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and down the spinal cord

58
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

all the nerves that come from the spinal cord & go to fingers, legs etc

59
Q

Neurons/neuronal cells

A

receive and transmit signals

60
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information

61
Q

The cell

A

receives the info from the dendrites

62
Q

Axon

A

Carries the info away from the cell

63
Q

Axon terminal/terminal region

A

Reach out to send info to another cells dendrites

64
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Extra surface areas where axon terminals can make connections

65
Q

Axon hillock

A

Keeps count for a signal threshold to be reached

66
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

Cover the axon, determines whether a signal moves fast down the axon

67
Q

Gaps between myelin sheaths

A

Nodes of Ranvier

68
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Cause the signal to jump, makes it faster

69
Q

Glial cells (3 kinds0

A

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Astrocytes

70
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form the sheath in the CNS, wraps an arm around the axon, can do this on multiple sections or cells, purpose to increase speed of info

71
Q

Schwann cells

A

form the sheath in the PNS, they wrap their entire self around the axon, purpose to increase speed of info

72
Q

Astrocytes

A

help repair neurons, bring nutrients in from the blood stream

73
Q

Astrocytes nutrients how

A

Use their little feet to create a blood-brain barrier, passes the nutrients through to other cells

PSYC122 (13 decks)

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