Week 2: Learning and Motivation

Question 1

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

Answer 1

The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it

Question 2

How do you combat forgetting information?

Answer 2

Booster Events

Question 3

What are some examples of Booster Events?

Answer 3

Flash cards, learning journals, recalling previous weeks learnings at beginning of class

Question 4

Learning is the process of: (2)

Answer 4

1) Acquiring knowledge and skills
2)Change in individual behaviour as
a result of some experience
(formal or informal)

Question 5

GAGNE’S LEARNING MODEL involves 5 learner outcomes, they are:

Answer 5

1. Verbal information
(declarative knowledge)
2. Intellectual skills (procedural
knowledge)
3. Cognitive strategies (how and
when to use knowledge)
4. Motor skills (physical
movements)
5. Attitudes (affective outcomes)

Question 6

KURT KRAIGER’S LEARNING MODEL involves 3 types of learner outcomes, they are:

Answer 6

1. Cognitive
2. Skills-based
3. Affective

Question 7

The 4 Stages of Learning (Noel Burch) are:

Answer 7

1- Unconscious Incompetent
2 - Conscious Incompetent
3- Conscious Competent
4 - Unconscious Competent (Mastery)

Question 8

‘I don’t know what that is and I dont know I need it” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning

Answer 8

Unconscious Incompetent

Question 9

“I know I need to learn X, but I haven’t started yet” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning

Answer 9

Conscious Incompetent

Question 10

“I can do this skill, but it takes a lot of mental energy and I have to think about everything step-by-step” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning

Answer 10

Conscious Competent

Question 11

“I’m so great at this skill, I don’t even have to think about it, I’m on autopilot” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning

Answer 11

Unconscious Competent

Question 12

People have different ways they gather, process and evaluate information - in other words they have different…

Answer 12

Learning Styles

Question 13

Howard Gardner pioneered which Learning Style Theory

Answer 13

MI - Multiple Intelligences Theory

Question 14

What are the 8 intelligences according to MI Theory

Answer 14

Musical, Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Verbal / Linguistic, Logical - Mathematical, Naturalistic, Intrapersonal, Visual Spatial

Question 15

Our general education systems places preference on which type of MI Theory Intelligence type?

Answer 15

Logical- Mathematical

Question 16

What Factors make teaching Adults different than teaching Children?

Answer 16

Personality, Motivation, Roles, Openness to Change, Barriers to Change, Experience and Orientation to Learning

Question 17

How does personality impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

Answer 17

Adults are more independent and children are more dependent

Question 18

How does motivation impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

Answer 18

Adults are more motivated INTRINSICALLY, whereas children are motivated by extrinsic rewards

Question 19

How do roles impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

Answer 19

Children are often just “students” or “children” whereas adults self-identify as many roles - this comes with more experience and more responsibilities and conflicting priorities

Question 20

How does Openness to Change impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

Answer 20

Adults have ingrained habits whereas children are more malleable and open

Question 21

How do Barriers to Change impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

Answer 21

Children - Limited time or opportunity or inappropriate teaching method for learning style
Adults - Negative self-concept

Question 22

How does experience impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

Answer 22

Children have limited life/professional experience to draw upon whereas adults have a vast amount of experience

Question 23

How does Orientation to Learning impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

Answer 23

Children - Subject-centred

Adults - Problem -Centred

Question 24

What are Knowles’ 5 Assumptions of Adult Learners?

Answer 24

1- Self Concept (more independent and self-directed)
2- Experience (Adult learners have a reservoir of experiences that can be used as a resource in training)
3- Readiness to learn (Adults become more oriented toward learning that is tied to their societal roles)
4. Orientation to Learning (Prefers to be able to use training immediately - i.e. so the learning is problem-centred)
5. Motivation to learn (adults are motivated by internal factors)

Question 25

LEARNING THEORIES (2)

Answer 25

1- Conditioning Theory | 2- Social Learning (Cognitive) Theory

Question 26

TYPES of MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES

Answer 26

``` -- Need Theories: • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory • Alderfer’s ERG Theory -- Process Theories: • Expectancy Theory • Goal Setting Theory -- Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory ```

Question 27

The below is an example of what Learning Theory: Trainees should be reinforced throughout the training process. They should be reinforced for attending the training, learning the training material and applying on the job. Trainers should use positive reinforcement.

Answer 27

Conditioning Theory (Stimulus -> Behaviour -> Consequence)

Question 28

Four Types of Reinforcements / Consequences used in Skinner's Conditioning Theory:

Answer 28

1. Positive Reinforcement The application of something positive following a desired response 2. Negative Reinforcement Removal of a stimulus after an action 3. Punishment Application of a negative consequence in response to an undesirable behaviour 4. No Consequence

Question 29

The below is an example of what Learning Theory: People learn by observing the behaviours of others and make note of the reinforcing or punishing outcomes of their behaviour. People then imitate what they have observed and then expect certain consequences to follow

Answer 29

Social Learning (Cognitive) Theory

Question 30

3 Components of Social Learning Theory are:

Answer 30

1. Observation (learning by looking at others actions and seeing the consequences) 2. Self-efficacy (believing in yourself that you have the ability to perform a given task) 3. Self-regulation (managing your behaviour through internal processes)

Question 31

Our internal desire to accomplish something | that is important to us is

Answer 31

Motivation

Question 32

Two Types of Motivation:

Answer 32

Intrinsic or Extrinsic (arguably not actually "motivation" because it isn't coming from within)

Question 33

Example of Intrinsic Motivators

Answer 33

``` Feelings of: Achievement Accomplishment Challenge Competence ```

Question 34

Examples of Extrinsic Motivators:

Answer 34

Pay, Fringe Benefits, Desirable Company Policies

Question 35

Needs Theories of Motivation (2)

Answer 35

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Alderfers ERG Theory

Question 36

The theory that you are motivated by where you are in a hierarchy of needs and you have to go through that hierarchy in order. For example, you cannot be motivated to achieve your highest potential in life ("self-actualization") if you are stuck at the basic physiological needs stage (needing air, water, food, etc.)

Answer 36

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Question 37

Alderfer's ERG Theory stands for

Answer 37

Existance - Relatedness- Growth

Question 38

True or False - Alderfer's ERG Theory is similar to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 38

TRUE Existance corresponds to :Physiological and Safety Needs Relatedness corresponds to: Love and Belonging And Growth corresponds to:Esteem and Self-Actualization

Question 39

Expectancy (Effort) X Instrumentality (Performance) X Valence (Rewards) =

Answer 39

Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom)

Question 40

PEOPLE WILL BE MOTIVATED TO THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY BELIEVE THAT THEIR EFFORTS WILL LEAD TO GOOD PERFORMANCE, THAT GOOD PERFORMANCE WILL BE REWARDED, AND THAT THEY WILL BE OFFERED ATTRACTIVE REWARDS.

Answer 40

Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom)

Question 41

This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance.

Answer 41

Goal Setting Theory

Question 42

What factors have to be taken into account in Goal Setting Theory?

Answer 42

Motivation / Performance Level and the Difficulty of the Task (Medium Difficulty = Highest Motivation / Performance outcomes)

Question 43

Herzberg's 2-factor theory of motivation involves which two factors:

Answer 43

Intrinsic Satisfiers (MOTIVATION) and HYGIENE factors (that's why it is also called the Motivation - Hygiene Theory)

Question 44

KITA often *seems* like Motivation but it is not - what are 3 types of KITAs?

Answer 44

Negative Physical KITA Negative Psychological KITA Positive KITA

Question 45

??% of learning is lost within 30 days. We need to design learning processes and use booster events

Answer 45

80%