Week 2: Learning and Motivation Flashcards
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it
How do you combat forgetting information?
Booster Events
What are some examples of Booster Events?
Flash cards, learning journals, recalling previous weeks learnings at beginning of class
Learning is the process of: (2)
1) Acquiring knowledge and skills
2)Change in individual behaviour as
a result of some experience
(formal or informal)
GAGNE’S LEARNING MODEL involves 5 learner outcomes, they are:
1. Verbal information (declarative knowledge) 2. Intellectual skills (procedural knowledge) 3. Cognitive strategies (how and when to use knowledge) 4. Motor skills (physical movements) 5. Attitudes (affective outcomes)
KURT KRAIGER’S LEARNING MODEL involves 3 types of learner outcomes, they are:
- Cognitive
- Skills-based
- Affective
The 4 Stages of Learning (Noel Burch) are:
1- Unconscious Incompetent
2 - Conscious Incompetent
3- Conscious Competent
4 - Unconscious Competent (Mastery)
‘I don’t know what that is and I dont know I need it” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning
Unconscious Incompetent
“I know I need to learn X, but I haven’t started yet” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning
Conscious Incompetent
“I can do this skill, but it takes a lot of mental energy and I have to think about everything step-by-step” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning
Conscious Competent
“I’m so great at this skill, I don’t even have to think about it, I’m on autopilot” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning
Unconscious Competent
People have different ways they gather, process and evaluate information - in other words they have different…
Learning Styles
Howard Gardner pioneered which Learning Style Theory
MI - Multiple Intelligences Theory
What are the 8 intelligences according to MI Theory
Musical, Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Verbal / Linguistic, Logical - Mathematical, Naturalistic, Intrapersonal, Visual Spatial
Our general education systems places preference on which type of MI Theory Intelligence type?
Logical- Mathematical
What Factors make teaching Adults different than teaching Children?
Personality, Motivation, Roles, Openness to Change, Barriers to Change, Experience and Orientation to Learning
How does personality impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?
Adults are more independent and children are more dependent
How does motivation impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?
Adults are more motivated INTRINSICALLY, whereas children are motivated by extrinsic rewards
How do roles impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?
Children are often just “students” or “children” whereas adults self-identify as many roles - this comes with more experience and more responsibilities and conflicting priorities
How does Openness to Change impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?
Adults have ingrained habits whereas children are more malleable and open
How do Barriers to Change impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?
Children - Limited time or opportunity or inappropriate teaching method for learning style
Adults - Negative self-concept
How does experience impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?
Children have limited life/professional experience to draw upon whereas adults have a vast amount of experience
How does Orientation to Learning impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?
Children - Subject-centred
Adults - Problem -Centred
What are Knowles’ 5 Assumptions of Adult Learners?
1- Self Concept (more independent and self-directed)
2- Experience (Adult learners have a reservoir of experiences that can be used as a resource in training)
3- Readiness to learn (Adults become more oriented toward learning that is tied to their societal roles)
4. Orientation to Learning (Prefers to be able to use training immediately - i.e. so the learning is problem-centred)
5. Motivation to learn (adults are motivated by internal factors)
LEARNING THEORIES (2)
1- Conditioning Theory
2- Social Learning (Cognitive) Theory
TYPES of MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES
-- Need Theories: • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory • Alderfer’s ERG Theory -- Process Theories: • Expectancy Theory • Goal Setting Theory -- Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
The below is an example of what Learning Theory:
Trainees should be reinforced throughout the training process. They should be reinforced for attending the training, learning the training material and applying on the job. Trainers should use positive reinforcement.
Conditioning Theory (Stimulus -> Behaviour -> Consequence)
Four Types of Reinforcements / Consequences used in Skinner’s Conditioning Theory:
- Positive Reinforcement
The application of something positive following a desired response - Negative Reinforcement
Removal of a stimulus after an action - Punishment
Application of a negative consequence in response to an undesirable behaviour - No Consequence
The below is an example of what Learning Theory:
People learn by observing the behaviours of others and make note of the reinforcing or punishing outcomes of their behaviour. People then imitate what they have
observed and then expect certain consequences to follow
Social Learning (Cognitive) Theory
3 Components of Social Learning Theory are:
- Observation (learning by looking at others actions and seeing the consequences)
- Self-efficacy (believing in yourself that you have the ability to perform a given task)
- Self-regulation (managing your behaviour through internal processes)
Our internal desire to accomplish something
that is important to us is
Motivation
Two Types of Motivation:
Intrinsic or Extrinsic (arguably not actually “motivation” because it isn’t coming from within)
Example of Intrinsic Motivators
Feelings of: Achievement Accomplishment Challenge Competence
Examples of Extrinsic Motivators:
Pay, Fringe Benefits, Desirable Company Policies
Needs Theories of Motivation (2)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Alderfers ERG Theory
The theory that you are motivated by where you are in a hierarchy of needs and you have to go through that hierarchy in order. For example, you cannot be motivated to achieve your highest potential in life (“self-actualization”) if you are stuck at the basic physiological needs stage (needing air, water, food, etc.)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Alderfer’s ERG Theory stands for
Existance - Relatedness- Growth
True or False - Alderfer’s ERG Theory is similar to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
TRUE
Existance corresponds to :Physiological and Safety Needs
Relatedness corresponds to: Love and Belonging
And Growth corresponds to:Esteem and Self-Actualization
Expectancy (Effort) X Instrumentality (Performance) X Valence (Rewards) =
Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom)
PEOPLE WILL BE MOTIVATED TO THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY BELIEVE THAT THEIR EFFORTS WILL LEAD TO GOOD PERFORMANCE, THAT GOOD PERFORMANCE WILL BE REWARDED, AND THAT THEY WILL BE OFFERED ATTRACTIVE REWARDS.
Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom)
This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance.
Goal Setting Theory
What factors have to be taken into account in Goal Setting Theory?
Motivation / Performance Level and the Difficulty of the Task (Medium Difficulty = Highest Motivation / Performance outcomes)
Herzberg’s 2-factor theory of motivation involves which two factors:
Intrinsic Satisfiers (MOTIVATION) and HYGIENE factors (that’s why it is also called the Motivation - Hygiene Theory)
KITA often seems like Motivation but it is not - what are 3 types of KITAs?
Negative Physical KITA
Negative Psychological KITA
Positive KITA
??% of learning is lost within 30 days. We need to design learning processes and use
booster events
80%
