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Training and Development > Week 2: Learning and Motivation > Flashcards

Week 2: Learning and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

A

The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it

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2
Q

How do you combat forgetting information?

A

Booster Events

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3
Q

What are some examples of Booster Events?

A

Flash cards, learning journals, recalling previous weeks learnings at beginning of class

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4
Q

Learning is the process of: (2)

A

1) Acquiring knowledge and skills
2)Change in individual behaviour as
a result of some experience
(formal or informal)

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5
Q

GAGNE’S LEARNING MODEL involves 5 learner outcomes, they are:

A 
1. Verbal information
(declarative knowledge)
2. Intellectual skills (procedural
knowledge)
3. Cognitive strategies (how and
when to use knowledge)
4. Motor skills (physical
movements)
5. Attitudes (affective outcomes)
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6
Q

KURT KRAIGER’S LEARNING MODEL involves 3 types of learner outcomes, they are:

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Skills-based
  3. Affective
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7
Q

The 4 Stages of Learning (Noel Burch) are:

A

1- Unconscious Incompetent
2 - Conscious Incompetent
3- Conscious Competent
4 - Unconscious Competent (Mastery)

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8
Q

‘I don’t know what that is and I dont know I need it” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning

A

Unconscious Incompetent

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9
Q

“I know I need to learn X, but I haven’t started yet” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning

A

Conscious Incompetent

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10
Q

“I can do this skill, but it takes a lot of mental energy and I have to think about everything step-by-step” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning

A

Conscious Competent

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11
Q

“I’m so great at this skill, I don’t even have to think about it, I’m on autopilot” - an example of someone who is in what stage of learning

A

Unconscious Competent

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12
Q

People have different ways they gather, process and evaluate information - in other words they have different…

A

Learning Styles

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13
Q

Howard Gardner pioneered which Learning Style Theory

A

MI - Multiple Intelligences Theory

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14
Q

What are the 8 intelligences according to MI Theory

A

Musical, Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Verbal / Linguistic, Logical - Mathematical, Naturalistic, Intrapersonal, Visual Spatial

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15
Q

Our general education systems places preference on which type of MI Theory Intelligence type?

A

Logical- Mathematical

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16
Q

What Factors make teaching Adults different than teaching Children?

A

Personality, Motivation, Roles, Openness to Change, Barriers to Change, Experience and Orientation to Learning

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17
Q

How does personality impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

A

Adults are more independent and children are more dependent

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18
Q

How does motivation impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

A

Adults are more motivated INTRINSICALLY, whereas children are motivated by extrinsic rewards

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19
Q

How do roles impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

A

Children are often just “students” or “children” whereas adults self-identify as many roles - this comes with more experience and more responsibilities and conflicting priorities

20
Q

How does Openness to Change impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

A

Adults have ingrained habits whereas children are more malleable and open

21
Q

How do Barriers to Change impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

A

Children - Limited time or opportunity or inappropriate teaching method for learning style
Adults - Negative self-concept

22
Q

How does experience impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

A

Children have limited life/professional experience to draw upon whereas adults have a vast amount of experience

23
Q

How does Orientation to Learning impact Learning in Adults vs. Children?

A

Children - Subject-centred

Adults - Problem -Centred

24
Q

What are Knowles’ 5 Assumptions of Adult Learners?

A

1- Self Concept (more independent and self-directed)
2- Experience (Adult learners have a reservoir of experiences that can be used as a resource in training)
3- Readiness to learn (Adults become more oriented toward learning that is tied to their societal roles)
4. Orientation to Learning (Prefers to be able to use training immediately - i.e. so the learning is problem-centred)
5. Motivation to learn (adults are motivated by internal factors)

25
Q

LEARNING THEORIES (2)

A

1- Conditioning Theory

2- Social Learning (Cognitive) Theory

26
Q

TYPES of MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES

A 
-- Need Theories:
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
• Alderfer’s ERG Theory
--  Process Theories:
• Expectancy Theory
• Goal Setting Theory
-- Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
27
Q

The below is an example of what Learning Theory:

Trainees should be reinforced throughout the training process. They should be reinforced for attending the training, learning the training material and applying on the job. Trainers should use positive reinforcement.

A

Conditioning Theory (Stimulus -> Behaviour -> Consequence)

28
Q

Four Types of Reinforcements / Consequences used in Skinner’s Conditioning Theory:

A
  1. Positive Reinforcement
    The application of something positive following a desired response
  2. Negative Reinforcement
    Removal of a stimulus after an action
  3. Punishment
    Application of a negative consequence in response to an undesirable behaviour
  4. No Consequence
29
Q

The below is an example of what Learning Theory:

People learn by observing the behaviours of others and make note of the reinforcing or punishing outcomes of their behaviour. People then imitate what they have
observed and then expect certain consequences to follow

A

Social Learning (Cognitive) Theory

30
Q

3 Components of Social Learning Theory are:

A
  1. Observation (learning by looking at others actions and seeing the consequences)
  2. Self-efficacy (believing in yourself that you have the ability to perform a given task)
  3. Self-regulation (managing your behaviour through internal processes)
31
Q

Our internal desire to accomplish something

that is important to us is

A

Motivation

32
Q

Two Types of Motivation:

A

Intrinsic or Extrinsic (arguably not actually “motivation” because it isn’t coming from within)

33
Q

Example of Intrinsic Motivators

A 
Feelings of:
Achievement
Accomplishment
Challenge
Competence
34
Q

Examples of Extrinsic Motivators:

A

Pay, Fringe Benefits, Desirable Company Policies

35
Q

Needs Theories of Motivation (2)

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Alderfers ERG Theory

36
Q

The theory that you are motivated by where you are in a hierarchy of needs and you have to go through that hierarchy in order. For example, you cannot be motivated to achieve your highest potential in life (“self-actualization”) if you are stuck at the basic physiological needs stage (needing air, water, food, etc.)

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

37
Q

Alderfer’s ERG Theory stands for

A

Existance - Relatedness- Growth

38
Q

True or False - Alderfer’s ERG Theory is similar to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

TRUE
Existance corresponds to :Physiological and Safety Needs

Relatedness corresponds to: Love and Belonging

And Growth corresponds to:Esteem and Self-Actualization

39
Q

Expectancy (Effort) X Instrumentality (Performance) X Valence (Rewards) =

A

Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom)

40
Q

PEOPLE WILL BE MOTIVATED TO THE EXTENT TO WHICH THEY BELIEVE THAT THEIR EFFORTS WILL LEAD TO GOOD PERFORMANCE, THAT GOOD PERFORMANCE WILL BE REWARDED, AND THAT THEY WILL BE OFFERED ATTRACTIVE REWARDS.

A

Expectancy Theory (Victor Vroom)

41
Q

This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance.

A

Goal Setting Theory

42
Q

What factors have to be taken into account in Goal Setting Theory?

A

Motivation / Performance Level and the Difficulty of the Task (Medium Difficulty = Highest Motivation / Performance outcomes)

43
Q

Herzberg’s 2-factor theory of motivation involves which two factors:

A

Intrinsic Satisfiers (MOTIVATION) and HYGIENE factors (that’s why it is also called the Motivation - Hygiene Theory)

44
Q

KITA often seems like Motivation but it is not - what are 3 types of KITAs?

A

Negative Physical KITA
Negative Psychological KITA
Positive KITA

45
Q

??% of learning is lost within 30 days. We need to design learning processes and use
booster events

A

80%

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