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ANAT > week 2 - appendicular skeleton > Flashcards

week 2 - appendicular skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

what is a chrondocyte ?

A

cells secreting cartilage matrix and becomes embedded in cartilage

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2
Q

what is cartilage ?

A
  • chrondocyte cell only present
  • avascular -> nutrition depends on diffusion via matrix
  • slow nutrient transfer
  • surrounded by pericardium membrane
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3
Q

what is bone tissue ?

A
  • osteocytes cells embedded in calcified matrix
  • inorganic component of matrix
  • types -> compact & spongy
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4
Q

type of bones cells

A

osterogetric -> osteoblast -> osteocyte
OR
osteoclast

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5
Q

what are osteons in compact bone ?

A

cylindrical structures containing concentric lamellae

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6
Q

what is trabeculae ?

A

thin columns making up spongy structure of cancellous bone

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7
Q

2 membranes covering bone

A
  • periosteum -> outer surface

- endosteum -> inside surface

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8
Q

types of long bone growth

A
  • interstital -> length

- appositional -> diameter

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9
Q

source of …

  • calcitrol
  • growth hormone
  • sex hormone
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitonin
A
  • kidneys
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • ovaries/testes
  • parathyroid gland
  • thyroid gland
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10
Q

what are the upper limb bones ?

A
  • shoulder (clavicle, scapula)
  • arm (humorous)
  • forearm (ulna, radius)
  • hand (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
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11
Q

what is the pectoral girdle ?

A

shoulder

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12
Q

which of the 3 - humorous, ulna, radius - have head at the distal end ?

A

ulna

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13
Q

does the humorous have epicondyles or condyles ?

A

epicondyles

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14
Q

what are the 3 fossa of the scapula ?

A
  • anterior -> subscapular fossa

- posterior -> supraspinous fossa & infraspinous fossa

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15
Q

which of the 2 are medial - ulna or radius ?

A

ulna

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16
Q

what are the lower limb bones ?

A
  • gluteal region (hip / OS coxa)
  • thigh (femur)
  • leg (tibia, fibula, patella)
  • foot (talus, calcanus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
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17
Q

where does the femur articulate with the hip ?

A

acetabulum - fusion of ilium, ischium, pubis

18
Q

what are the 3 parts of the hip ?

A

ilium (top), ischium, pubis

19
Q

where is the greater sciatic notch ?

A

below the lateral end of the iliac crest

20
Q

which of the 2 have condyles proximal - tibia or fibula ?

A

tibia

21
Q

what are at the distal end of tibia and fibula ?

A
  • tibia -> medial malleous

- fibula -> lateral malleous

22
Q

joint types classified by function

A
  • sympathroses -> immovable
  • amphiathroses -> slightly movable
  • diathroses -> freely movable
23
Q

joint types classified by structure

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
24
Q

6 types of synovial joint

A
  • plane -> carpals & metacarpals
  • hinge -> humrous & ulna
  • pivot -> radius & ulna
  • condyle -> metacarpals & phalanges
  • saddle -> carpals & metacarpals
  • ball & socket -> humorous & scapula
25
Q

components of synovial joint

A
  • synovial fluid inside joint cavity
  • ligaments
  • x2 articular capsule layers (fibrous & synovial)
  • articular cartilage
  • freely mobile
26
Q

why is the glenouhumeral joint unstable ? what stabilising elements are present

A

humorous head is larger than the shallow fossa - stabilised via ligaments, biceps brachii tendon, glenoid labrium to deepen socket, rotator cuff muscles

27
Q

what is a bursa ?

A

sac-filled fluid reducing friction

28
Q

what is a tendon sheath ?

A

elongated bursa encircling tendons subject to friction

29
Q

name the ligaments of knee joint

A
  • ACL (bottom anterior) & PCL (bottom posterior)
  • lateral & medial collateral lig
  • lateral & medial meniscus
30
Q

how is the pectoral girdle attached to the axial skeleton ?

A

clavicle articulates with manubrium

31
Q

what part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle ?

A

acromion process

32
Q

what does the coracoid process do ?

A

articulates with the acromion process to stabilise shoulder joint

33
Q

which features of humerous articulate with the radius & ulna

A

radius - capitulum

ulna - trochlea

34
Q

difference in function (mobility vs stability) between shoulder and pelvic girdles ?

A

shoulder has shallower fossa -> less stabile & more mobility
pelvic girls has deeper fossa -> more stable & less mobility

35
Q

what is the difference between pelvic girdle and bony pelvis ?

A

pelvic girdle is 1 bone & bony pelvis is 2 bones

36
Q

what movements occur at the knee ?

A

slides, hinge, rotation

37
Q

what is the function of the patella ?

A

protection, flexion

38
Q

what is the function of menisci ?

A

shock absorber

39
Q

what is the function of the cruciate ligaments ?

A

ensure tibia doesn’t slide posteriorly and anteriorly

40
Q

what is the function of collateral ligaments ?

A

prevent medial and lateral displacement

ANAT (10 decks)

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