Week 2 Flashcards
What do bactericidal antibiotics do?
antibiotics that destroy bacteria
What do bacteriostatic antibiotics do?
slows down bacterial growth
How do bactericidal antibiotics work?
- target cell wall
- inhibits cell wall synthesis
How do bacteriostatic antibiotics work?
- inhibit RNA or/and DNA synthesis
- inhibits protein synthesis - bacteria need to make proteins to synthesis - antibiotics target ribosomes
what is bacteraemia?
presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
What is septicaemia
multiplication of bacteria in bloodstream + other symptoms
What are five ‘portals of entry’ that may allow bacteria and other pathogens into the blood stream.
- Infected site (absyss etc)
- Infected organ (kidney etc)
- IV line
What is the cause of whooping cough?
Bacterium Bordetella pertussis
What are the symtoms of whooping cough?
- severe cough occuring inbouts
- whooping osund on inhalation
- vomitting at end of coughingfit
- apnoea
How does whooping cough spread?
Airborne droplets
What are some complications of whooping cough?
- haemorrhage
- apnoea
- pneumonia
- inflammation of the brain
- convulsions and coma
- permanent brain damage
WHat is the notification requirement for measles?
urgent notifiable condition must be notified by telephone immediately upon inital diagnosis (presumptive or confirmed).
Pathology must fiollow up with written notification within 5 days.
What pathogen causes measles?
Morbillivirus
what are the clinical features of measles
- generalised maculopapular rash (lasting 3 days ormore)
- fever (at least 38 degrees) present at time of rash onset
- cough or coryza or conjuctivitis or kplik spots
What are some complications of measles?
otitis media
pneumonia
encaphalitis
How is measles transmitted?
airborne by respiratory droplet nuclei or by direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions
Virus can be present in environment for 2 hours
What pathogen causes menningoccocal?
caused by a bacterium called Neisseria meningitidis (also known as meningococcal
bacteria). These bacteria are divided into 13 strains or ‘serogroups’ designated by letters of the alphabet such as
A, B, C, W and Y.
What are the two main forms of menningoccoccal?
- Blood infection (septicaemia)
- infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)
What vaccinations are available for meningococal?
Meningococcal vaccines are available to protect against disease strains A, B, C, W and Y.
How is meningococcal spread?
Meningococcal bacteria are difficult to spread. They are only passed from person to person by close, prolonged household contact (living in the same house) or intimate contact with infected secretions from the back of the nose and throat (such as deep kissing).
Research shows that low levels of salivary contact are unlikely to transmit meningococcal bacteria. In fact, saliva
has been shown to slow the growth of the bacteria.
Meningococcal bacteria are only found in humans and cannot live for more than a few seconds outside the body.
You cannot catch meningococcal disease from the environment or animals.
What are the high risk groups for meningococcal?
- infants and young children, particularly those aged less than two years
- adolescents aged 15 to 19 years
- people who have close household contact with those who have meningococcal disease, and who have not been immunised
- people travelling to places, such as Africa, that have epidemics caused by serogroups A, C, W and Y
- pilgrims to the annual Hajj in Saudi Arabia - Saudi Arabian authorities require a valid certificate of vaccination to enter the country
- people who work in a laboratory and who handle meningococcal bacteria
- special risk and immunosuppressed patients- children (aged from six weeks and over) and adults who have
high-risk conditions, such as a poor functioning or no spleen, a complement component disorder, HIV, current
or future treatment with eculizumab or a haematopoietic stem cell transplant.
What are they symmtoms of menigococcal in babies?
- fever
- refusing to feed
- irritability, fretfulness
- grunting or moaning
- extreme tiredness or floppiness
- dislike of being handled
- nausea or vomiting
- diarrhoea
- turning away from light (photophobia)
- drowsiness
- convulsions (fits) or twitching
- rash of red or purple pinprick spots or larger bruises.
What are they symmtoms of menigococcal in children and adults?
- fever
- headache
- loss of appetite
- neck stiffness
- discomfort when looking at bright lights (photophobia)
- nausea and/or vomiting
- diarrhoea
- aching or sore muscles
- painful or swollen joints
- difficulty walking
- general malaise
- moaning, unintelligible speech
- drowsiness
- confusion
- collapse
- rash of red or purple pinprick spots or larger bruises
Define sepsis?
a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection
Explain the pathophys of sepsis?
it’s associated with a range of inflammatory responses which lead to haemodynamic instability and tissue injury resulting in organ hypoperfusion.
What is a clinical sign of the Vasodilation stage caused by endothelial cells in sepsis?
Low DBP and warm peripheries
What is a red flag (key indicator) for sepsis?
Delerium
What is septic shock?
state of sepsis resulting in organ dysfunction, hypotension, poor perfusion or delerium.
Septic shock can be diagnosed with the presence of what 3 factors?
- a known or suspected infection
- 2 or more symptoms of systemic inflammatory response
- evidence of at least 1 organ dysfunction
What are the indications of systemic inflammatory response (the criteria for septic shock)?
SPB < 90 or MAP <60 O2 <93% Altered mental state Hyperglycaemia in the absence of diabetes (BGL >7.7) Acute olguria (urine output increased) Coagulopathy
What are the assessments for organ failure?
RR >22
altered mental state
SBP<100
What are the ‘Sepsis 6’ to treating sepsis
High flow O2 - keep sats above 94 IV fluid resuscitation Obtain blood cultures Give broad spectrum antibiotics Check bloods lactate and haemoglobin Insert urinary catheter to monitor output
what are antibiotics?
substances produced naturally by microorganisms which can kill (microbiocidal) or inhibit growth (microbiostatic) or other microorganisms
what is antimicrobial chemotherapy
use of antimicrobial drugs to control infection
Define sterilisation
complete removal of ALL forms of microbial life
define disinfection
process of destroying vegetative pathogens but not necessarily endospores or viruses
define antisepsis
chemical disinfection of the skin or other living tissue
define asepsis
the absence of pathogens from an object or area
what is Disseminated INtravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
damage to endothelial lining of blood vessels -> activation of blood clotting -> excessive clotting and bleeding occur
-> clotting blocks blood vessels -> ischaemia
