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PAR3011 - MEDICAL > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What do bactericidal antibiotics do?

A

antibiotics that destroy bacteria

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2
Q

What do bacteriostatic antibiotics do?

A

slows down bacterial growth

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3
Q

How do bactericidal antibiotics work?

A
  • target cell wall

- inhibits cell wall synthesis

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4
Q

How do bacteriostatic antibiotics work?

A
  • inhibit RNA or/and DNA synthesis

- inhibits protein synthesis - bacteria need to make proteins to synthesis - antibiotics target ribosomes

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5
Q

what is bacteraemia?

A

presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

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6
Q

What is septicaemia

A

multiplication of bacteria in bloodstream + other symptoms

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7
Q

What are five ‘portals of entry’ that may allow bacteria and other pathogens into the blood stream.

A
  • Infected site (absyss etc)
  • Infected organ (kidney etc)
  • IV line
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8
Q

What is the cause of whooping cough?

A

Bacterium Bordetella pertussis

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9
Q

What are the symtoms of whooping cough?

A
  • severe cough occuring inbouts
  • whooping osund on inhalation
  • vomitting at end of coughingfit
  • apnoea
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10
Q

How does whooping cough spread?

A

Airborne droplets

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11
Q

What are some complications of whooping cough?

A
  • haemorrhage
  • apnoea
  • pneumonia
  • inflammation of the brain
  • convulsions and coma
  • permanent brain damage
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12
Q

WHat is the notification requirement for measles?

A

urgent notifiable condition must be notified by telephone immediately upon inital diagnosis (presumptive or confirmed).

Pathology must fiollow up with written notification within 5 days.

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13
Q

What pathogen causes measles?

A

Morbillivirus

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14
Q

what are the clinical features of measles

A
  • generalised maculopapular rash (lasting 3 days ormore)
  • fever (at least 38 degrees) present at time of rash onset
  • cough or coryza or conjuctivitis or kplik spots
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15
Q

What are some complications of measles?

A

otitis media
pneumonia
encaphalitis

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16
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

airborne by respiratory droplet nuclei or by direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions

Virus can be present in environment for 2 hours

17
Q

What pathogen causes menningoccocal?

A

caused by a bacterium called Neisseria meningitidis (also known as meningococcal
bacteria). These bacteria are divided into 13 strains or ‘serogroups’ designated by letters of the alphabet such as
A, B, C, W and Y.

18
Q

What are the two main forms of menningoccoccal?

A
  • Blood infection (septicaemia)

- infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)

19
Q

What vaccinations are available for meningococal?

A

Meningococcal vaccines are available to protect against disease strains A, B, C, W and Y.

20
Q

How is meningococcal spread?

A 
Meningococcal bacteria are difficult to spread. They are only passed from person to person by close, prolonged
household contact (living in the same house) or intimate contact with infected secretions from the back of the nose
and throat (such as deep kissing).

Research shows that low levels of salivary contact are unlikely to transmit meningococcal bacteria. In fact, saliva
has been shown to slow the growth of the bacteria.
Meningococcal bacteria are only found in humans and cannot live for more than a few seconds outside the body.
You cannot catch meningococcal disease from the environment or animals.

21
Q

What are the high risk groups for meningococcal?

A
  • infants and young children, particularly those aged less than two years
  • adolescents aged 15 to 19 years
  • people who have close household contact with those who have meningococcal disease, and who have not been immunised
  • people travelling to places, such as Africa, that have epidemics caused by serogroups A, C, W and Y
  • pilgrims to the annual Hajj in Saudi Arabia - Saudi Arabian authorities require a valid certificate of vaccination to enter the country
  • people who work in a laboratory and who handle meningococcal bacteria
  • special risk and immunosuppressed patients- children (aged from six weeks and over) and adults who have
    high-risk conditions, such as a poor functioning or no spleen, a complement component disorder, HIV, current
    or future treatment with eculizumab or a haematopoietic stem cell transplant.
22
Q

What are they symmtoms of menigococcal in babies?

A
  • fever
  • refusing to feed
  • irritability, fretfulness
  • grunting or moaning
  • extreme tiredness or floppiness
  • dislike of being handled
  • nausea or vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • turning away from light (photophobia)
  • drowsiness
  • convulsions (fits) or twitching
  • rash of red or purple pinprick spots or larger bruises.
23
Q

What are they symmtoms of menigococcal in children and adults?

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • loss of appetite
  • neck stiffness
  • discomfort when looking at bright lights (photophobia)
  • nausea and/or vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • aching or sore muscles
  • painful or swollen joints
  • difficulty walking
  • general malaise
  • moaning, unintelligible speech
  • drowsiness
  • confusion
  • collapse
  • rash of red or purple pinprick spots or larger bruises
24
Q

Define sepsis?

A

a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection

25
Q

Explain the pathophys of sepsis?

A

it’s associated with a range of inflammatory responses which lead to haemodynamic instability and tissue injury resulting in organ hypoperfusion.

26
Q

What is a clinical sign of the Vasodilation stage caused by endothelial cells in sepsis?

A

Low DBP and warm peripheries

27
Q

What is a red flag (key indicator) for sepsis?

A

Delerium

28
Q

What is septic shock?

A

state of sepsis resulting in organ dysfunction, hypotension, poor perfusion or delerium.

29
Q

Septic shock can be diagnosed with the presence of what 3 factors?

A
  • a known or suspected infection
  • 2 or more symptoms of systemic inflammatory response
  • evidence of at least 1 organ dysfunction
30
Q

What are the indications of systemic inflammatory response (the criteria for septic shock)?

A 
SPB < 90 or MAP <60
O2 <93%
Altered mental state
Hyperglycaemia in the absence of diabetes (BGL >7.7)
Acute olguria (urine output increased)
Coagulopathy
31
Q

What are the assessments for organ failure?

A

RR >22
altered mental state
SBP<100

32
Q

What are the ‘Sepsis 6’ to treating sepsis

A 
High flow O2 - keep sats above 94
IV fluid resuscitation
Obtain blood cultures
Give broad spectrum antibiotics
Check bloods lactate and haemoglobin
Insert urinary catheter to monitor output
33
Q

what are antibiotics?

A

substances produced naturally by microorganisms which can kill (microbiocidal) or inhibit growth (microbiostatic) or other microorganisms

34
Q

what is antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

use of antimicrobial drugs to control infection

35
Q

Define sterilisation

A

complete removal of ALL forms of microbial life

36
Q

define disinfection

A

process of destroying vegetative pathogens but not necessarily endospores or viruses

37
Q

define antisepsis

A

chemical disinfection of the skin or other living tissue

38
Q

define asepsis

A

the absence of pathogens from an object or area

39
Q

what is Disseminated INtravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

A

damage to endothelial lining of blood vessels -> activation of blood clotting -> excessive clotting and bleeding occur

-> clotting blocks blood vessels -> ischaemia

PAR3011 - MEDICAL (32 decks)

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