Week 1

Question 1

What is colonisation and infection? and the difference.

Answer 1

With colonisation, there is a sustained presence of replicating infectious agents on or in the
body, without causing infection or disease

With infection,invasion of infectious agents in to the body results in an immune response,
with or without symptomatic disease.

Question 2

What are the steps in the Chain of infection transmission

Answer 2

• causative agent(pathogen)
• reservoir
• portal of exit
• means of transmission
• portal of entry
• a susceptible host.

Question 3

What factors influence healthcare associated infections?

Answer 3

• age
• immune status
• co-morbidities
• virulence of agent
• wound or devices

Question 4

What are the two types of contact transmission?

Answer 4

Direct

In-direct

Question 5

What are the types of transmission?

Answer 5

Contact
Droplet
Airborne

Question 6

Define risk in the setting of healthcare associated infections?

Answer 6

‘risk’ is defined as the possibility of microorganism
colonisation or infection in patients or healthcare workers arising from activities within a
healthcare facility

Question 7

What are the steps to risk management?

Answer 7

• Establishing context
• Avoiding risk
• Identifying risks
• Analysing risks
• Evaluating risks
• Treating risks

Question 8

What are the WHO 5 moments of hand hygiene

Answer 8

• before touching a patient
• before performing a procedure
• after a procedure or exposure to bodily fluids
• after touching a patient
• after touching the environment around a patient

Question 9

What are the two-tiers of infection control?

Answer 9

• standard precautions

- transmission based precautions

Question 10

What is a pathogen?

Answer 10

Microorganisms capable of causing infectious diseases

Question 11

What are the two types of bacteria?

Answer 11

Gram-positive (one cell membrane)

Gram-negative (2 cell membrane)

Question 12

which bacteria type is more resistant to antibiotics?

Answer 12

gram-negative

Question 13

what are the three lines of defence against infection of the body?

Answer 13

1st - skin, mucous membranes, chemicals
2nd - phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever
3rd - lymphocytes, antibodies

Question 14

Where do viruses and bacteria multiple?

Answer 14

Bacteria - outsider host cells

Virus - inside host cells

Question 15

what pathogens have short intubation periods?

Answer 15

Fast multiplying pathogens

Question 16

What are the phases in the progression of disease?

Answer 16

• incubation period
• prodromal period (symptoms start)
• Invasive phase
• ACME
• Decline phase
• Convalescence period

Question 17

what are the patterns of viral infections?

Answer 17

• acute
• Chronic
• Latent
• Slow

Question 18

what are the two internal defences against pathogens?

Answer 18

Innate internal defences (phagocytes after few hours)

Adaptive internal defences (lymphocytes after days)

Question 19

What lymphocytes work in the adaptive internal defence system?

Answer 19

B cells - Humoral immunity - antibody-mediated response

T cells - Cellular Immunity - cell-mediated response

Question 20

What are antigens?

Answer 20

large foreign chemicals that stimulate an immune response

Question 21

What are antibodies?

Answer 21

immunoglobin proteins made by B cells

Question 22

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 22

occurs in bodily fluids where antibodies attach to specific antigens on microorganisms →leads to clumping of microorganisms → removal by phagocytes

Question 23

What is cellular immunity?

Answer 23

• T lymphocytes (T cells) are activated by antigen contact in cellular immunity
• Cytotoxic T cells carry out the cell‐mediated response by
– directly killing body cells infected with viruses or other microbes
– directly killing some cancer cells

Question 24

what are the two ways of acquiring immunity?

Answer 24

Natural and artificial