week 2 Flashcards
2 causes of hypoxia
anaemia and respiratory failure
3 reversible cell changes
cloudy swelling
cytoplasmic bleb
fatty change
2 irreversible cell changes
pyknotic nuclei
strutted membrane
3 nuclear changes in necrosis
pyknotic - small
karyohexis - fragment
karyolysis - - fade
what feature indicates wear and tear in the liver
lipfucin
4 stages in vascular change
vasodilation
neutrophil activation
dilation
endothelial activation
4 leucocyte activation and recognition
Toll-like receptors
o Receptors for microbial products on surface leukocytes
o Stimulate microbe killing and cytokine production
G-protein coupled receptors on PMNs and macrophages
o Recognise products of short-bacterial peptides, complement, prostaglandins
o Induce migration of cells and production of respiratory burst
Receptors for opsonins on surface of leukocytes o Coating a particle to target for ingestion o Coating includes antibodies and complement
Receptors for cytokines on surface of leukocytes
o E.g. IFN-gamma activates macrophages
DVT treatment
LMWh, warren, DOAC
2 histological MI features
neutrophils
interisitial oedema
3 dysplastic cytological signs
increased nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
hypo chromic nuclei
irregular membrane
what is a diverticulum
circumscribed outputting of the intestine through a weakness in the muscular wall
what causes chronic granulomatous
NADPH oxidase defect
usually x linked
