Week 2 Flashcards
Sensory nerves come from this
Dorsal spinal cord
Motor nerves come from this
Ventral spinal cord
Lower body damage
Paraplegic
Upper body damage
Quadriplegic
Involved in regulating for critical bodily states related to survival (fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproduction) with two divisions.
Autonomic nervous system
Rest and digest. Calms body to conserve and maintain energy. Releases acetylcholine. Decreases heart rate and blood pressure. Stimulates digestion.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight. Releases adrenaline and norepinephrine. Increases heart rate and blood pressure. Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles. inhibits digestion. acts via the sympathetic chain ganglia to ensure these functions occur simultaneously
Sympathetic nervous system
Composed primarily of cell somas. Collections of cell bodies= ganglia in the PNS, but are called nuclei in the CNS.
Gray matter
Composed primarily of axons, covered in white myelin. Bundles of axons in the CNS are called tracts.
White matter
Information moving toward the central nervous system from sensory receptors
Afferent/ascending (sensory)
Information moves away from the central nervous system to muscles and organs
Efferent/descending (motor)
Unconscious, life-sustaining functions. Cranial nerve nuclei. Breathing, respiration, heart rhythms, digestion. Area postrema (blood brain barrier permeability and vomiting)
Medulla
“ Bridge.” connects the forebrain and cerebellum-“ relay”. Nuclei that controls, sleep, posture, breathing, swallowing, balance, walking. Locked-in syndrome.
Pons
Cortical functions preserved. Patient completely paralyzed except eyes. Caused by blocking blood supply or degeneration in the pons.
Locked-in syndrome
Has some nuclei essential to motor function, vision, hearing, sleep, and wakefulness, temperature regulation. Many nerve fibers passed through here between higher brain regions and spinal cord.
Midbrain
“ little brain.” important for balance, motor, learning, and motor error correction, sports complex improvements. “ automating” behaviors. sensitive to effects of alcohol (sobriety tests)
Cerebellum
“ switchboard of the brain.” first stop for sensory information coming from the body. All sensory input passes through this on its way to the cortex from the periphery. Different nuclei for different sensory systems. Arousal, consciousness. First to “turn on” when awaking, coming out of anesthesia. “Seat of consciousness”
Thalamus
Found underneath the thalamus. Many different sub regions. Often considered part of the limbic system. Controls autonomic nervous system. Emotional response, food, intake, water, balance, sleep, cycles, reproductive behavior. Attached to the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
Collection of forebrain structure is that participate in emotional behavior and learning
The limbic system
Information from the limbic system travels through here to other cortical areas. Physical pain and social/emotional pain, empathy, anticipation of reward, or pain.
Cingulate gyrus
Also part of the temporal lobe. Important for converting short-term memories into long-term memories. Plays a role in special information, processing, forming and storing new memories, stress response (turns it off), emotional regulation (ventral part of this and anxiety)
Hippocampus
Important for making associations between different stimuli. Aggression, fear, social behavior. Influences emotional valance of stimuli (recognition of emotional faces)
Amygdala
Involved in suppression of unwanted, motor activity and control movement. Habit learning and compulsive behaviors (OCD, Tourette’s). Movement disorders (Parkinson’s, Huntington’s)
The basal ganglia
Central (vertical), lateral (horizontal), parieto-occipital (horizontal–back) sulcus. Mammals show particular expansion of this, and the cerebellum compared to other families, such as fish.
Neocortex
Gyrus, sulcus, fissures, hemispheres, 6 different layers
Features of the cortex
Frontal, temporal, perietal, occipital
Lobes of the cortex
Forward most part of the cerebral cortex. Contains primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, brocas area. Roles in motor function, language, memory, many “ advanced” functions.
Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe region that separates precentral gyrus from postcentral gyrus
Central sulcus
Frontal lobe region that contains primary motor cortex and controls voluntary body movement
Precentral gyrus
Functions include: planning, and organization, attention, decision, making, impulse control. Phineas Gage. implicated in a number of cycle pathologies (schizophrenia, ADHD, sociopaths)
Prefrontal cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex, association cortex. Specialized for skin senses, and senses that inform us about body position and movement, spatial perception.
Parietal lobe
Areas capable of integrating sensory input with motor output
Association cortex
Frontal lobe region that contains primary somatosensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus
Primary auditory cortex, visual and auditory association areas, additional language areas. Limbic cortex, and cortex associated with hippocampus.
Temporal lobe
Contains primary visual cortex
Occipital lobe
Where visual information is processed
Primary visual cortex
Reticularist doctrine
Golgi
Neuron doctrine
Cajal
Non-neuronal. Provides physical and functional support to neurons. May have many important, clinical implications. Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
Glia
Structural, and nutritional support for neurons. Part of the blood brain barrier.
Astrocytes
Selectively, permeable barrier between brain and blood supply. Protects brain from many pathogens and molecules entering, including most pharmaceutical drugs. Formed by endothelial cells and astrocyte-end feet.
Blood brain barrier
More likely to cross the blood brain barrier and enter target cells
Small, uncharged and lipid soluble molecules
Less likely to cross the blood brain barrier and reach the target cells
Large, charged or lipid in soluble molecules
Insulates glia. Holds oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS, regrow damaged axons)
Myelin
Immune cells of the brain. Senses, molecules associated with cellular damage and digest the debris.” the brains, garbage collectors.” synaptic regulation, involved in repairing brain, following trauma, clearing debris, pathogens, etc..
Microglia
Main functional unit of the nervous system. Specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electro chemical signals. Goes into dendrites, and comes out through axon terminals. (unipolar, bipolar, multi polar.)
Neurons
Defined the boundary of cells. Intracellular/extracellular. Double layer of lipid molecules. Contains protein molecules (receptors, channels, transporters)
Cell membrane
Containes nucleus and cytoplasm. Provides metabolic (energy ) and synthetic (protein) support. Acts to “ gate” information flow to, and from other neurons. Integrate signals from many sources of input (integration zone)
The cell/soma
___ tree. Collection of these from a single neuron. receives input from other neurons. Inputs may number in the thousands.
Dendrites
Contact point between axon and dendrite at excitatory synapse. Sensitive to the type and amount of synaptic activity. Many different shapes and sizes, changes over time. External and internal factors influence spine morphology, and density.
Dendritic spines
Merges with cell body. Conducts action potentials. Branches to form __ collaterals. Vary in length, depending on where projecting to.
Axon
Unmyelinated gap in axon membrane. Ions move through channels only at this area is ion channels located there (like gates). Speed up conduction of action potential.
Nodes of Ranvier
Action potential “ hops” down the axon
Saltatory conduction
Branches that arise from axon
Collaterals
Swelling at the end of an axon collateral. Contains synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters.
Terminal
Junction between the axon terminal, and the somatic or dendritic membrane of another neuron. Three principal components, pre___, post__, and cleft.
The synapse
Specialized area, where a presynaptic Bouton meets the ___cell
Postsynaptic density
Carries information from body to brain and spinal cord
Sensory neuron
Connect one neuron to another in the brain or spinal cord
Interneuron
Carries information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs
Motor neuron
Depends on electrical potential created by ions flow. This begins with the resting potential.
Neural communication
Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Moves molecules along a concentration gradient.
Chemical Diffusion
Like charges, repel, opposites attract. Balance charges are neutral. Separation of charged by a membrane produces an electrical potential across the membrane. This is measured as voltage.
Electrical force
The four key ions
Potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride
Gated/binding by a ligand or a change in voltage to open or close. Proteins embedded in the cell membrane/central pore traverses the membrane. Central pore is selective.
Ion channels
Protein machines that use energy to move ions against a concentration gradient
Ion pumps
Large protein in bedded in cell membrane. Pumps three sodium ions out for every two potassium ions. It pumps in. Energy dependent/requires ATP. Uses 20 to 40% of the brains total energy consumption. Maintains the difference in ion concentration between the inside and outside of neurons.
Sodium potassium pump
