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Z-Behavioral Neuroscience > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory nerves come from this

A

Dorsal spinal cord

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2
Q

Motor nerves come from this

A

Ventral spinal cord

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3
Q

Lower body damage

A

Paraplegic

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4
Q

Upper body damage

A

Quadriplegic

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5
Q

Involved in regulating for critical bodily states related to survival (fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproduction) with two divisions.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

Rest and digest. Calms body to conserve and maintain energy. Releases acetylcholine. Decreases heart rate and blood pressure. Stimulates digestion.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

Fight or flight. Releases adrenaline and norepinephrine. Increases heart rate and blood pressure. Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles. inhibits digestion. acts via the sympathetic chain ganglia to ensure these functions occur simultaneously

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

Composed primarily of cell somas. Collections of cell bodies= ganglia in the PNS, but are called nuclei in the CNS.

A

Gray matter

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9
Q

Composed primarily of axons, covered in white myelin. Bundles of axons in the CNS are called tracts.

A

White matter

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10
Q

Information moving toward the central nervous system from sensory receptors

A

Afferent/ascending (sensory)

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11
Q

Information moves away from the central nervous system to muscles and organs

A

Efferent/descending (motor)

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12
Q

Unconscious, life-sustaining functions. Cranial nerve nuclei. Breathing, respiration, heart rhythms, digestion. Area postrema (blood brain barrier permeability and vomiting)

A

Medulla

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13
Q

“ Bridge.” connects the forebrain and cerebellum-“ relay”. Nuclei that controls, sleep, posture, breathing, swallowing, balance, walking. Locked-in syndrome.

A

Pons

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14
Q

Cortical functions preserved. Patient completely paralyzed except eyes. Caused by blocking blood supply or degeneration in the pons.

A

Locked-in syndrome

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15
Q

Has some nuclei essential to motor function, vision, hearing, sleep, and wakefulness, temperature regulation. Many nerve fibers passed through here between higher brain regions and spinal cord.

A

Midbrain

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16
Q

“ little brain.” important for balance, motor, learning, and motor error correction, sports complex improvements. “ automating” behaviors. sensitive to effects of alcohol (sobriety tests)

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

“ switchboard of the brain.” first stop for sensory information coming from the body. All sensory input passes through this on its way to the cortex from the periphery. Different nuclei for different sensory systems. Arousal, consciousness. First to “turn on” when awaking, coming out of anesthesia. “Seat of consciousness”

A

Thalamus

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18
Q

Found underneath the thalamus. Many different sub regions. Often considered part of the limbic system. Controls autonomic nervous system. Emotional response, food, intake, water, balance, sleep, cycles, reproductive behavior. Attached to the pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

Collection of forebrain structure is that participate in emotional behavior and learning

A

The limbic system

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20
Q

Information from the limbic system travels through here to other cortical areas. Physical pain and social/emotional pain, empathy, anticipation of reward, or pain.

A

Cingulate gyrus

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21
Q

Also part of the temporal lobe. Important for converting short-term memories into long-term memories. Plays a role in special information, processing, forming and storing new memories, stress response (turns it off), emotional regulation (ventral part of this and anxiety)

A

Hippocampus

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22
Q

Important for making associations between different stimuli. Aggression, fear, social behavior. Influences emotional valance of stimuli (recognition of emotional faces)

A

Amygdala

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23
Q

Involved in suppression of unwanted, motor activity and control movement. Habit learning and compulsive behaviors (OCD, Tourette’s). Movement disorders (Parkinson’s, Huntington’s)

A

The basal ganglia

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24
Q

Central (vertical), lateral (horizontal), parieto-occipital (horizontal–back) sulcus. Mammals show particular expansion of this, and the cerebellum compared to other families, such as fish.

A

Neocortex

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25
Q

Gyrus, sulcus, fissures, hemispheres, 6 different layers

A

Features of the cortex

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26
Q

Frontal, temporal, perietal, occipital

A

Lobes of the cortex

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27
Q

Forward most part of the cerebral cortex. Contains primary motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, brocas area. Roles in motor function, language, memory, many “ advanced” functions.

A

Frontal lobe

28
Q

Frontal lobe region that separates precentral gyrus from postcentral gyrus

A

Central sulcus

29
Q

Frontal lobe region that contains primary motor cortex and controls voluntary body movement

A

Precentral gyrus

30
Q

Functions include: planning, and organization, attention, decision, making, impulse control. Phineas Gage. implicated in a number of cycle pathologies (schizophrenia, ADHD, sociopaths)

A

Prefrontal cortex

31
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex, association cortex. Specialized for skin senses, and senses that inform us about body position and movement, spatial perception.

A

Parietal lobe

32
Q

Areas capable of integrating sensory input with motor output

A

Association cortex

33
Q

Frontal lobe region that contains primary somatosensory cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus

34
Q

Primary auditory cortex, visual and auditory association areas, additional language areas. Limbic cortex, and cortex associated with hippocampus.

A

Temporal lobe

35
Q

Contains primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

36
Q

Where visual information is processed

A

Primary visual cortex

37
Q

Reticularist doctrine

A

Golgi

38
Q

Neuron doctrine

A

Cajal

39
Q

Non-neuronal. Provides physical and functional support to neurons. May have many important, clinical implications. Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

A

Glia

40
Q

Structural, and nutritional support for neurons. Part of the blood brain barrier.

A

Astrocytes

41
Q

Selectively, permeable barrier between brain and blood supply. Protects brain from many pathogens and molecules entering, including most pharmaceutical drugs. Formed by endothelial cells and astrocyte-end feet.

A

Blood brain barrier

42
Q

More likely to cross the blood brain barrier and enter target cells

A

Small, uncharged and lipid soluble molecules

43
Q

Less likely to cross the blood brain barrier and reach the target cells

A

Large, charged or lipid in soluble molecules

44
Q

Insulates glia. Holds oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS, regrow damaged axons)

A

Myelin

45
Q

Immune cells of the brain. Senses, molecules associated with cellular damage and digest the debris.” the brains, garbage collectors.” synaptic regulation, involved in repairing brain, following trauma, clearing debris, pathogens, etc..

A

Microglia

46
Q

Main functional unit of the nervous system. Specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electro chemical signals. Goes into dendrites, and comes out through axon terminals. (unipolar, bipolar, multi polar.)

A

Neurons

47
Q

Defined the boundary of cells. Intracellular/extracellular. Double layer of lipid molecules. Contains protein molecules (receptors, channels, transporters)

A

Cell membrane

48
Q

Containes nucleus and cytoplasm. Provides metabolic (energy ) and synthetic (protein) support. Acts to “ gate” information flow to, and from other neurons. Integrate signals from many sources of input (integration zone)

A

The cell/soma

49
Q

___ tree. Collection of these from a single neuron. receives input from other neurons. Inputs may number in the thousands.

A

Dendrites

50
Q

Contact point between axon and dendrite at excitatory synapse. Sensitive to the type and amount of synaptic activity. Many different shapes and sizes, changes over time. External and internal factors influence spine morphology, and density.

A

Dendritic spines

51
Q

Merges with cell body. Conducts action potentials. Branches to form __ collaterals. Vary in length, depending on where projecting to.

A

Axon

52
Q

Unmyelinated gap in axon membrane. Ions move through channels only at this area is ion channels located there (like gates). Speed up conduction of action potential.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

53
Q

Action potential “ hops” down the axon

A

Saltatory conduction

54
Q

Branches that arise from axon

A

Collaterals

55
Q

Swelling at the end of an axon collateral. Contains synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters.

A

Terminal

56
Q

Junction between the axon terminal, and the somatic or dendritic membrane of another neuron. Three principal components, pre___, post__, and cleft.

A

The synapse

57
Q

Specialized area, where a presynaptic Bouton meets the ___cell

A

Postsynaptic density

58
Q

Carries information from body to brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory neuron

59
Q

Connect one neuron to another in the brain or spinal cord

A

Interneuron

60
Q

Carries information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs

A

Motor neuron

61
Q

Depends on electrical potential created by ions flow. This begins with the resting potential.

A

Neural communication

62
Q

Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Moves molecules along a concentration gradient.

A

Chemical Diffusion

63
Q

Like charges, repel, opposites attract. Balance charges are neutral. Separation of charged by a membrane produces an electrical potential across the membrane. This is measured as voltage.

A

Electrical force

64
Q

The four key ions

A

Potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride

65
Q

Gated/binding by a ligand or a change in voltage to open or close. Proteins embedded in the cell membrane/central pore traverses the membrane. Central pore is selective.

A

Ion channels

66
Q

Protein machines that use energy to move ions against a concentration gradient

A

Ion pumps

67
Q

Large protein in bedded in cell membrane. Pumps three sodium ions out for every two potassium ions. It pumps in. Energy dependent/requires ATP. Uses 20 to 40% of the brains total energy consumption. Maintains the difference in ion concentration between the inside and outside of neurons.

A

Sodium potassium pump

Z-Behavioral Neuroscience (12 decks)

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