Week 1 Flashcards
The nervous system operates by electrical transmission dualism
Galvani
Speech production center of the brain located in the ventral posterior region of the frontal lobes
Broca
Nervous system consist of vast interconnected webs of continuous fibers (“ reticular theory”)
Golgi
Nervous system is composed of arrays of separated, independent cells (“ neuron doctrine”)
Cajal
Founder of the field of experimental, research psychology
B.F. Skinner
Involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving research
Research ethics
Set of research ethic principles for human experimentation
The Nuremberg code
Computerized tomography. Uses multiple x-rays to construct a 3-D image. Great spatial resolution, but only fair soft tissue contrast resolution.
CT
Magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic field and radio waves used to produce high resolution. Structural images of the brain. fair spatial revolution, great soft tissue contrast resolution.
MRI
Positron emission tomography. Injection of a radioactive substance into the bloodstream, which is taken up by parts of the brain, according to how active they are. Activity image-baseline image= difference image.
PET
Functional MRI. Measures brain, activation by detecting increases in oxygenated blood directed at active neural structures. BOLD (blood-oxygen-dependent-signal).
fMRI
Electroencephalogram. Scalp electrodes provide information about the activity of large population of neurons. Used to study sleep and diagnose seizures.
EEG
The electrical stimulation of the brain applied during neurosurgery
Brain stimulation
Surgical treatment involving the implantation of a medical device, called a brain pacemaker, which send electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. Can help with Parkinson’s.
Deep brain stimulation
A non-invasive method to cause depolarization or hyper polarization in the neurons. It uses electromagnetic induction to induce, weak, electric currents, using a rapidly changing magnetic field can help with depression, schizophrenia, and more.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Areas of the brain that I’ve been damaged by disease, congenital, malformation, trauma, stroke, or infection
Lesions
Used to identify particular chemicals in specific brand locations order to determine the role of a particular chemical for a specific functions.
Biochemical manipulation
Analysis of chemicals, president, and the extra cellular fluid
Microdialysis
Infusing a drug into a specific brain region
Central drug infusion
Used to identify the contribution of genes to particular behaviors
Genetic manipulation
Rostral/anterior
Head/front
Caudal/posterior
Tail/back
Dorsal/superior
Top/back
Ventral/inferior
Bottom/belly
Medial
Middle
Lateral
Outside
Proximal
Near core
Distal
Extremities
Ipsilateral
Same side
Contralateral
Opposite side
Line that defines nervous system
Neuraxis
Parallel to midline
Sagittal section
Divides nervous system front to back
Coronal section
Divides brain from top to bottom
Horizontal section
Provides protection and cushion to the brain. There are three main layers, Dura mater, subarachnoid, space, and pia mater.
Meninges
Inflammation of the meninges. Caused by bacteria, virus, or fungus. Swelling in the subarachnoid space. Increases intracranial pressure.
Meningitis
Blood can collect between meningeal layers (epidural hematoma, subdural, hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage). Increases intracranial pressure.
Brain injuries
There are four in total. Two lateral, one at the midline, and one near the spinal cord it is filled with cerebral spinal fluid.
Ventricles
Keep the brain buoyant in the skull. Provides cushioning. Similar composition to blood plasma. Produced in choroid plexus. replenished four times a day.
Cerebrospinal fluid
The main arteries supplying blood to the brain.
Internal carotid artery, vertebral artery.
Made up of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
There is a connection between the central nervous system and muscles, organs, and skin. Composed of neurons and glia.
Peripheral nervous system
Information moving toward the central nervous system from sensory receptors
Afferent/ascending
Information moving away from the central nervous system to muscles and organs
Efferent/descending
Somatosensory (skin feeling), skeletal motor (muscle control), cranial, and spinal nerves (12 pairs, sensory nerves, motor, nerves, and mixed nerves)
Somatic nervous system
Controls and senses, glands, and organs. Holds the sympathetic (fight or flight ) and parasympathetic (rest and digest) nervous system.
Autonomic nervous system
Non-neuronal. Provides physical and functional support to neurons. May have many important, clinical implications. Four types, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells.
Glia
