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Public Health 1 > week 13 lecture 2 > Flashcards

week 13 lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

annually in the US, how many foodborne illnesses occur

A

48 million

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2
Q

about 10 million are caused by

A

31 major pathogens

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3
Q

rest are caused by

A

poorly understood pathogens

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4
Q

how many hospitalizations?

A

128,000

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5
Q

how many deaths?

A

3000

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6
Q

what are the major culprits

A

salmonella enterica
campylobacter
listeria monocytogenes
toxoplasma gondii

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7
Q

salmonella causes ____ of illnesses

A

11%

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8
Q

salmonella causes ____ of hospitalizations

A

35%

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9
Q

salmonella causes ____ deaths

A

28%

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10
Q

campylobacter causes ___ illnesses

A

9%

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11
Q

campylobacter causes ____ of hospitalization

A

15%

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12
Q

listeria causes ____ of deaths

A

19%

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13
Q

toxoplasma gondii causes ____ of hospitalization

A

8%

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14
Q

toxoplasma gondii causes ____ of deaths

A

24%

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15
Q

most illnesses are caused by

A

leafy vegetables (22%)
dairy (14%)
furits-nuts (12%)
poultry (10%)

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16
Q

most deaths are caused by

A 
poultry (19%)
dairy (10%)
 vine-stalk vegetables (7%)
fruits-nuts (6%)
leafy vegetables (6%)
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17
Q

success against most foodborne pathogens has been

A

limitied

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18
Q

many key foodborne pathogens have ____ reservoirs

A

animal

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19
Q

these include

A 
salmonella
campylobacter
shiga toxin-producing E. coli
listeria
toxoplasma
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20
Q

regulatory veterinarians include

A

USDA FSIS
FDA
CDC
State health departments

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21
Q

Food animal practicioners role

A

diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

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22
Q

all veterinary practitioners should be source of

A

info for public

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23
Q

many foodborne pathogens are also transmitted via

A

direct contact

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24
Q

salmonella _____ serovars, most of which have animal reservoirs

A

> 2,600

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25
Q

salmonella is a leading cause of

A

acute bacterial enteritis;

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26
Q

salmonella peack incidence in

A

summer

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27
Q

annual salmonella estimates in us

A

1.2 million illnesses
400 deaths
economic cost of 4.4 billion

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28
Q

salmonella incubation period

A

6-72 hours

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29
Q

self limiting acute enteritis lasting

A

3-7 days

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30
Q

invasive disease leading to

A

sepsis, plus or minus death

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31
Q

prevalence of multidrug resistance has increased over last 2 decades

A

increased treatment failures
increased risk and duration of hospitalization
increased mortality

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32
Q

reservoirs of salmonella

A 
poultry
cattle
pigs
horses
dogs
cats
rodents
reptiles
amphibians
fish
wildlife
humans
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33
Q

salmonell in cattle, horses and pigs disease ranges from

A

subclinical to acute onset of diarrhea, fever, anorexia, and dehydration

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34
Q

septicemia in neonates

A

meningitis
arthritis
uveitis
higher mortality

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35
Q

salmonella fecal shedding in reptiles approaches ___%

A

90

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36
Q

sale and distribution of small turtles has been prohibited since

A

1975; acquisition of small turtles still exists

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37
Q

salmonella prevalence among houses of laying hens ___% and broilers ____%

A

86%

88%

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38
Q

clinical signs in chickens

A

usually are subclinical

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39
Q

prevalence of salmonella shedding in healthy dogs

A

1-36%

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40
Q

prevalence of salmonella shedding in cats

A

1-18%

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41
Q

Transmission of salmonella

A

fecal-oral
foodborn exposure most common (90%)
fecal contamination of foods derived from infected animals (raw/undercooked eeggs, beef, porg, unpasteurized dairy products)
contamination of crops

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42
Q

transmission via direct contact of infected animals affects

A

occupational
people with pets
open farms, petting zoos, county/state fairs;

43
Q

outbreaks of salmonella commonly associated with

A

retpile exhibits, livestock contact, and chicks at easter time

44
Q

campylobacter jejuni is most common cause of

A

campylobacter diarrhea in peopel; also C. coli

45
Q

campylobacter occurs

A

worldwide

46
Q

campylobacter annual estimates

A

1.1 million illnesses
75 deaths
economic cost of 1.7 billion

47
Q

campylobacter incubation period

A

2-5 days

48
Q

generally a self-limiting enteritis but can produce

A

invasive disease (7-14 days)

49
Q

campylobacter may mimic

A

acute appendicitis

50
Q

potential complications of campylobacter

A

guillain-barre syndrome

reactive arthritis

51
Q

guillain-barre syndrome

A

acute immune-mediated disorder of PNS (0.1% OF CASES)

52
Q

reactive arthritis

A

1% of cases

53
Q

reservoirs of campylobacter

A 
poultry and cattle (most important)
puppies and kittens
pigs
sheep
 rodents
54
Q

campylobacter in poultry

A

subclinical

55
Q

prevalence of fecal shedding amoung broiler chickens

A

60-90%

56
Q

____% of the packages of raw chicken sold in U.S. and canadian grocery stores are postiive

A

60-70%

57
Q

campylobacter in cattle

A

subclinical reservoir

58
Q

prevalence among dairy cattle ranges from _____

A

30-50%

59
Q

prevalence among feedlot cattle may reach ___%

A

90%

60
Q

____ in calves

A

enteritis

61
Q

transmission

A

primarily fecal oral transmission
foodborne
waterborne
direct contact

62
Q

foodborne

A

undercooked poultry

63
Q

shiga-toxin producing e. coli (stec)

A

STEC produce cytotoxins

64
Q

STEC have been identified in most areas of th

A

the world

65
Q

annual estimates in us of STEC

A

176,000 Illnesses
20 deaths
economic cost of 280 million

66
Q

public health implications

A

acute diarrhea, may become hemorrhagic

67
Q

incubation period

A

2-10 days

68
Q

generally lasts for

A

5-10 days

69
Q

most severe clinical manifestation is

A

hemolytic uremic syndrome
acute renal failure
hemolytic anemia
thrombocytopenia

70
Q

____% of children with E. coli O157:H7 infection develop HUS

A

15

71
Q

____ require dialysis

A

50%

72
Q

___ die

A

5%

73
Q

reservoirs of STEC

A

CATTLE
HUMANS
OTHER RUMINATNS
WILDLIFE?

74
Q

STEC cause clinical disease in cattle?

A

no

75
Q

higher prevalence of STEC in ____ cattle than in ____ cattl

A 
feedlot (10%)
dairy cattle (5%)
76
Q

higher prevelance of stec in

A

summer

77
Q

shedding in cattle typically occurs for

A

days-months; may be intermittent

78
Q

some may shed for

A

> 1 year

79
Q

super shedders

A

> 10,000 CFU/g of feces

80
Q

transmission

A 
low infectious dose (<10 organisms)
primarily fecal-oral transmission
foodborne
waterborne
direct contact
81
Q

foodborne STEC

A

undercooked beef
produce
unpasteurized milk

82
Q

waterborne

A

drinking water

recreational use water

83
Q

direct contact

A

dariy farms
county/state fairs
petting zoos

84
Q

listeria

A

extremely hardy;
can form biofilm in food production facilities
can multiply in contaminated foods at refrigeration temperatures

85
Q

listeria occurs

A

worldwide

86
Q

listeria lower ____ higher ____

A

morbidity; mortality

87
Q

annual estimates of listeria in us

A

1,600 illnesses
255 deaths
economic cost of 2.6 billion

88
Q

public health implications of listeria

A

often asymptomatic or a cause of mild febrile illness in healthy adults

89
Q

severe disease among

A

elderly or immunocompromised individuals

90
Q

case fatality ranges from ____ among infected animals

A

15-30%

91
Q

listeria has dangerous implications for pregnant women

A

abortion
stillbirth
live infant with septicemia, meningitis, and encephalitis

92
Q

infected children may be

A

affected at birth or later in neonatal period

93
Q

case fatality among infected newborns ranges from

A

20-30%

94
Q

mother may have

A

vague or no overt illness

95
Q

reservoirs of listeria

A 
soil
water
vegetable atter
silage
mammals
birds
fish
96
Q

listeria can survive in

A

soil for years; can proliferate over a wide pH range (5-9)

97
Q

listeria reaches high numbers in

A

poorly preserved silage or decaying vegetation when pH >5.0

98
Q

listeria in cattle

A

ingestion of contaminated poorly fermented silage;
often subclinical
clinical disease is most common in adult cattle
tends to be sporadic

99
Q

clinical disease of listeria in adult cattle

A

fever, depression, CN signs, UMN signs

100
Q

listeria in poultry

A

often subclinical

101
Q

small ruminants clinical signs

A

sheep>goats

encephalitic and septicemia forms

102
Q

clinical disease is rare in

A

horses, pigs, dogs, cats

103
Q

transmission

A

foodborne
congenital
direct contact (rare)

104
Q

foodboren

A

unpasteruized dairy products
RTE meats
undercooked beef/poultry, raw produce

Public Health 1 (12 decks)

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