week 13 lecture 2 Flashcards
1
Q
annually in the US, how many foodborne illnesses occur
A
48 million
2
Q
about 10 million are caused by
A
31 major pathogens
3
Q
rest are caused by
A
poorly understood pathogens
4
Q
how many hospitalizations?
A
128,000
5
Q
how many deaths?
A
3000
6
Q
what are the major culprits
A
salmonella enterica
campylobacter
listeria monocytogenes
toxoplasma gondii
7
Q
salmonella causes ____ of illnesses
A
11%
8
Q
salmonella causes ____ of hospitalizations
A
35%
9
Q
salmonella causes ____ deaths
A
28%
10
Q
campylobacter causes ___ illnesses
A
9%
11
Q
campylobacter causes ____ of hospitalization
A
15%
12
Q
listeria causes ____ of deaths
A
19%
13
Q
toxoplasma gondii causes ____ of hospitalization
A
8%
14
Q
toxoplasma gondii causes ____ of deaths
A
24%
15
Q
most illnesses are caused by
A
leafy vegetables (22%)
dairy (14%)
furits-nuts (12%)
poultry (10%)
16
Q
most deaths are caused by
A
poultry (19%) dairy (10%) vine-stalk vegetables (7%) fruits-nuts (6%) leafy vegetables (6%)
17
Q
success against most foodborne pathogens has been
A
limitied
18
Q
many key foodborne pathogens have ____ reservoirs
A
animal
19
Q
these include
A
salmonella campylobacter shiga toxin-producing E. coli listeria toxoplasma
20
Q
regulatory veterinarians include
A
USDA FSIS
FDA
CDC
State health departments
21
Q
Food animal practicioners role
A
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
22
Q
all veterinary practitioners should be source of
A
info for public
23
Q
many foodborne pathogens are also transmitted via
A
direct contact
24
Q
salmonella _____ serovars, most of which have animal reservoirs
A
> 2,600
25
salmonella is a leading cause of
acute bacterial enteritis;
26
salmonella peack incidence in
summer
27
annual salmonella estimates in us
1.2 million illnesses
400 deaths
economic cost of 4.4 billion
28
salmonella incubation period
6-72 hours
29
self limiting acute enteritis lasting
3-7 days
30
invasive disease leading to
sepsis, plus or minus death
31
prevalence of multidrug resistance has increased over last 2 decades
increased treatment failures
increased risk and duration of hospitalization
increased mortality
32
reservoirs of salmonella
```
poultry
cattle
pigs
horses
dogs
cats
rodents
reptiles
amphibians
fish
wildlife
humans
```
33
salmonell in cattle, horses and pigs disease ranges from
subclinical to acute onset of diarrhea, fever, anorexia, and dehydration
34
septicemia in neonates
meningitis
arthritis
uveitis
higher mortality
35
salmonella fecal shedding in reptiles approaches ___%
90
36
sale and distribution of small turtles has been prohibited since
1975; acquisition of small turtles still exists
37
salmonella prevalence among houses of laying hens ___% and broilers ____%
86%
| 88%
38
clinical signs in chickens
usually are subclinical
39
prevalence of salmonella shedding in healthy dogs
1-36%
40
prevalence of salmonella shedding in cats
1-18%
41
Transmission of salmonella
fecal-oral
foodborn exposure most common (90%)
fecal contamination of foods derived from infected animals (raw/undercooked eeggs, beef, porg, unpasteurized dairy products)
contamination of crops
42
transmission via direct contact of infected animals affects
occupational
people with pets
open farms, petting zoos, county/state fairs;
43
outbreaks of salmonella commonly associated with
retpile exhibits, livestock contact, and chicks at easter time
44
campylobacter jejuni is most common cause of
campylobacter diarrhea in peopel; also C. coli
45
campylobacter occurs
worldwide
46
campylobacter annual estimates
1.1 million illnesses
75 deaths
economic cost of 1.7 billion
47
campylobacter incubation period
2-5 days
48
generally a self-limiting enteritis but can produce
invasive disease (7-14 days)
49
campylobacter may mimic
acute appendicitis
50
potential complications of campylobacter
guillain-barre syndrome
| reactive arthritis
51
guillain-barre syndrome
acute immune-mediated disorder of PNS (0.1% OF CASES)
52
reactive arthritis
1% of cases
53
reservoirs of campylobacter
```
poultry and cattle (most important)
puppies and kittens
pigs
sheep
rodents
```
54
campylobacter in poultry
subclinical
55
prevalence of fecal shedding amoung broiler chickens
60-90%
56
____% of the packages of raw chicken sold in U.S. and canadian grocery stores are postiive
60-70%
57
campylobacter in cattle
subclinical reservoir
58
prevalence among dairy cattle ranges from _____
30-50%
59
prevalence among feedlot cattle may reach ___%
90%
60
____ in calves
enteritis
61
transmission
primarily fecal oral transmission
foodborne
waterborne
direct contact
62
foodborne
undercooked poultry
63
shiga-toxin producing e. coli (stec)
STEC produce cytotoxins
64
STEC have been identified in most areas of th
the world
65
annual estimates in us of STEC
176,000 Illnesses
20 deaths
economic cost of 280 million
66
public health implications
acute diarrhea, may become hemorrhagic
67
incubation period
2-10 days
68
generally lasts for
5-10 days
69
most severe clinical manifestation is
hemolytic uremic syndrome
acute renal failure
hemolytic anemia
thrombocytopenia
70
____% of children with E. coli O157:H7 infection develop HUS
15
71
____ require dialysis
50%
72
___ die
5%
73
reservoirs of STEC
CATTLE
HUMANS
OTHER RUMINATNS
WILDLIFE?
74
STEC cause clinical disease in cattle?
no
75
higher prevalence of STEC in ____ cattle than in ____ cattl
```
feedlot (10%)
dairy cattle (5%)
```
76
higher prevelance of stec in
summer
77
shedding in cattle typically occurs for
days-months; may be intermittent
78
some may shed for
>1 year
79
super shedders
>10,000 CFU/g of feces
80
transmission
```
low infectious dose (<10 organisms)
primarily fecal-oral transmission
foodborne
waterborne
direct contact
```
81
foodborne STEC
undercooked beef
produce
unpasteurized milk
82
waterborne
drinking water
| recreational use water
83
direct contact
dariy farms
county/state fairs
petting zoos
84
listeria
extremely hardy;
can form biofilm in food production facilities
can multiply in contaminated foods at refrigeration temperatures
85
listeria occurs
worldwide
86
listeria lower ____ higher ____
morbidity; mortality
87
annual estimates of listeria in us
1,600 illnesses
255 deaths
economic cost of 2.6 billion
88
public health implications of listeria
often asymptomatic or a cause of mild febrile illness in healthy adults
89
severe disease among
elderly or immunocompromised individuals
90
case fatality ranges from ____ among infected animals
15-30%
91
listeria has dangerous implications for pregnant women
abortion
stillbirth
live infant with septicemia, meningitis, and encephalitis
92
infected children may be
affected at birth or later in neonatal period
93
case fatality among infected newborns ranges from
20-30%
94
mother may have
vague or no overt illness
95
reservoirs of listeria
```
soil
water
vegetable atter
silage
mammals
birds
fish
```
96
listeria can survive in
soil for years; can proliferate over a wide pH range (5-9)
97
listeria reaches high numbers in
poorly preserved silage or decaying vegetation when pH >5.0
98
listeria in cattle
ingestion of contaminated poorly fermented silage;
often subclinical
clinical disease is most common in adult cattle
tends to be sporadic
99
clinical disease of listeria in adult cattle
fever, depression, CN signs, UMN signs
100
listeria in poultry
often subclinical
101
small ruminants clinical signs
sheep>goats
| encephalitic and septicemia forms
102
clinical disease is rare in
horses, pigs, dogs, cats
103
transmission
foodborne
congenital
direct contact (rare)
104
foodboren
unpasteruized dairy products
RTE meats
undercooked beef/poultry, raw produce
